DR. ROBERT E. MOYER has been teaching mathematics and mathematics education at Southwest Minnesota State University in Marshall, Minnesota, since 2002. Before coming to SMSU, he taught at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, Georgia, from 1985 to 2000, serving as head of the Department of Mathematics and Physics from 1992 to 1994. Prior to teaching at the university level, Dr. Moyer spent 7 years as the mathematics consultant for a five-county Regional Educational Service Agency in central Georgia and 12 years as a high school mathematics teacher in Illinois.
He has developed and taught numerous in-service courses for mathematics teachers. He received his doctor of philosophy in mathematics education from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) in 1974. He received his Master of Science in 1967 and his Bachelor of Science in 1964, both in mathematics education from Southern Illinois University (Carbondale). The late FRANK AYRES, JR., PhD, was formerly professor and head of the Department at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He is the author of eight Schaums Outlines, including Calculus, Differential Equations, 1st Year College Math, and Matrices. Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Preface
In revising the third edition, the strengths of the earlier editions were retained while reflecting changes in the vocabulary and calculator emphasis in trigonometry over the past decade.
However, the use of tables and the inclusion of trigonometric tables were continued to allow the text to be used with or without calculators. The text remains flexible enough to be used as a primary text for trigonometry, a supplement to a standard trigonometry text, or as a reference or review text for an individual student. The book is complete in itself and can be used equally well by those who are studying trigonometry for the first time and those who are reviewing the fundamental principles and procedures of trigonometry. Each chapter contains a summary of the necessary definitions and theorems followed by a solved set of problems. These solved problems include the proofs of the theorems and the derivation of formulas. The chapters end with a set of supplementary problems with their answers.
Triangle solution problems, trigonometric identities, and trigonometric equations require a knowledge of elementary algebra. The problems have been carefully selected and their solutions have been spelled out in detail and arranged to illustrate clearly the algebraic processes involved as well as the use of the basic trigonometric relations. ROBERT E. MOYER
CHAPTER 1
Angles and Applications
1.1 Introduction
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with the measurement of the parts, sides, and angles of a triangle.
Plane trigonometry, which is the topic of this book, is restricted to triangles lying in a plane. Trigonometry is based on certain ratios, called
trigonometric functions, to be defined in the next chapter.
The early applications of the trigonometric functions were to surveying, navigation, and engineering. These functions also play an important role in the study of all sorts of vibratory phenomenasound, light, electricity, etc. As a consequence, a considerable portion of the subject matter is concerned with a study of the properties of and relations among the trigonometric functions.
1.2 Plane Angle
The plane angle
XOP, , is formed by the two rays
OX and
OP. The point
O is called the
vertex and the half lines are called the
sides of the angle. 1.1 More often, a plane angle is thought of as being generated by revolving a ray (in a plane) from the initial position
OX to a terminal position
OP. 1.1 More often, a plane angle is thought of as being generated by revolving a ray (in a plane) from the initial position
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