MICHAEL E. BROWNE is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, where he received BS (engineering) and PhD (physics) degrees. He was a research scientist and manager at the Lockheed Research Laboratories, subsequently serving as professor of physics and chairman of the physics department at the University of Idaho. He has conducted research in solid-state physics and in science education, his most recent activity. His teaching experience ranges from introductory physics to graduate classes. He has published numerous research articles and coauthored two textbooks.
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This book is dedicated to Marguerite,
whose love, encouragement, and help
made so many things possible.
Preface
This book is intended for students who are taking, or who have already taken, calculus and who may be taking a formal physics class for the first time. A background in high school-level algebra, geometry, and trigonometry is assumed. The book will be a valuable supplemental text for students presently enrolled in a calculus-based physics course for engineering and science students. It is much more compact than traditional textbooks, and it stresses problem solving and provides many worked examples. Secondly, the book will be useful as a text for a person reviewing or strengthening his or her knowledge of physics, perhaps in preparation for a professional examination. The treatment is suitable for a person wishing to study physics on his or her own without enrolling in a formal course. The narrative discussion and explanations are sufficiently clear and complete so that the book may be used either as a text, or as a supplement to a longer text.
Life science students will find the approach here valuable, since the treatment is more rigorous than that in many liberal arts textbooks. Many examples relevant to medicine are presented. Although calculus is used, it is reviewed and explained when first encountered.
The crux of learning physics is to actually work through problems. In using this book, you should be an active learner. Try to work each of the sample problems and examples as you go along. Refer to the solutions only if you get stuck. As they say in training to run a marathon, no pain, no gain. Only in the dictionary does success come before work. Learning about physics is a fascinating endeavor, and I hope you find it as much fun as I have.
I am deeply indebted to Luanne Semler for the outstanding work she did in typing the manuscript. Judy Breedlove made valuable contributions to the graphics work, and her efforts are much appreciated. My editors at McGraw-Hill were most helpful. Arthur Biderman helped launch the project, and Mary Loebig Giles guided it through to successful completion. The second edition of this book would not have reached fruition without the dedication, effort and talent of Hannah Turner, Editorial Manager at Techset Composition Ltd, in England. She is a wonder. I owe her.
MICHAEL E. BROWNE
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Review of Mathematics
Prior to studying this introductory physics course, a student should have completed high school courses in algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Students should have, as a minimum, been studying calculus concurrently. By the second half of the course students should understand the basics of integral calculus. Most difficulties encountered in studying physics result from inadequate preparation in mathematics, so students should review this chapter if they have a weak background.
1.1 Symbols, Scientific Notation, and Significant Figures
It is important that you learn to use symbols, rather than numerical values, in doing calculations. Letters near the end of the alphabet, such as x, y, and