Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols - The Rust Programming Language
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Introduction
Welcome to The Rust Programming Language, an introductory book about Rust. Rust is a programming language thats focused on safety, speed, and concurrency. Its design lets you create programs that have the performance and control of a low-level language, but with the powerful abstractions of a high-level language. These properties make Rust suitable for programmers who have experience in languages like C and are looking for a safer alternative, as well as those from languages like Python who are looking for ways to write code that performs better without sacrificing expressiveness.
Rust performs the majority of its safety checks and memory management decisions at compile time, so that your programs runtime performance isnt impacted. This makes it useful in a number of use cases that other languages arent good at: programs with predictable space and time requirements, embedding in other languages, and writing low-level code, like device drivers and operating systems. Its also great for web applications: it powers the Rust package registry site, crates.io! Were excited to see what you create with Rust.
This book is written for a reader who already knows how to program in at least one programming language. After reading this book, you should be comfortable writing Rust programs. Well be learning Rust through small, focused examples that build on each other to demonstrate how to use various features of Rust as well as how they work behind the scenes.
This book is open source. If you find an error, please dont hesitate to file an issue or send a pull request on GitHub. Please see CONTRIBUTING.md for more details.
The first step to using Rust is to install it. Youll need an internet connection to run the commands in this chapter, as well be downloading Rust from the internet.
Well be showing off a number of commands using a terminal, and those lines all start with $. You dont need to type in the $ character; they are there to indicate the start of each command. Youll see many tutorials and examples around the web that follow this convention: $ for commands run as a regular user, and # for commands you should be running as an administrator. Lines that dont start with $ are typically showing the output of the previous command.
If youre on Linux or a Mac, all you need to do is open a terminal and type this:
$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | shThis will download a script and start the installation. You may be prompted for your password. If it all goes well, youll see this appear:
Rust is installed now. Great!Of course, if you disapprove of the curl | sh pattern, you can download, inspect and run the script however you like.
On Windows, go to https://rustup.rs and follow the instructions to download rustup-init.exe. Run that and follow the rest of the instructions it gives you.
The rest of the Windows-specific commands in the book will assume that you are using cmd as your shell. If you use a different shell, you may be able to run the same commands that Linux and Mac users do. If neither work, consult the documentation for the shell you are using.
If you have reasons for preferring not to use rustup.rs, please see the Rust installation page for other options.
Once you have Rust installed, updating to the latest version is easy. From your shell, run the update script:
$ rustup updateUninstalling Rust is as easy as installing it. From your shell, run the uninstall script:
$ rustup self uninstallIf youve got Rust installed, you can open up a shell, and type this:
$ rustc --versionYou should see the version number, commit hash, and commit date in a format similar to this for the latest stable version at the time you install:
rustc x.y.z (abcabcabc yyyy-mm-dd)If you see this, Rust has been installed successfully! Congrats!
If you dont and youre on Windows, check that Rust is in your %PATH% system variable.
If it still isnt working, there are a number of places where you can get help. The easiest is .
The installer also includes a copy of the documentation locally, so you can read it offline. Run rustup doc to open the local documentation in your browser.
Any time theres a type or function provided by the standard library and youre not sure what it does, use the API documentation to find out!
Now that you have Rust installed, lets write your first Rust program. Its traditional when learning a new language to write a little program to print the text Hello, world! to the screen, and in this section, well follow that tradition.
Note: This book assumes basic familiarity with the command line. Rust itself makes no specific demands about your editing, tooling, or where your code lives, so if you prefer an IDE to the command line, feel free to use your favorite IDE.
First, make a directory to put your Rust code in. Rust doesnt care where your code lives, but for this book, wed suggest making a projects directory in your home directory and keeping all your projects there. Open a terminal and enter the following commands to make a directory for this particular project:
Linux and Mac:
$ mkdir ~/projects$ cd ~/projects$ mkdir hello_world$ cd hello_worldWindows:
> mkdir % USERPROFILE % \projects > cd % USERPROFILE % \projects > mkdir hello_world > cd hello_worldNext, make a new source file and call it main.rs. Rust files always end with the .rs extension. If youre using more than one word in your filename, use an underscore to separate them. For example, youd use hello_world.rs rather than helloworld.rs.
Now open the main.rs file you just created, and type the following code:
Filename: main.rs
fn main ( ) { println! ( " Hello, world! " ) ; }Save the file, and go back to your terminal window. On Linux or OSX, enter the following commands:
$ rustc main.rs$ ./mainHello, world!On Windows, run .\main.exe instead of ./main. Regardless of your operating system, you should see the string Hello, world! print to the terminal. If you did, then congratulations! Youve officially written a Rust program. That makes you a Rust programmer! Welcome!
Now, lets go over what just happened in your Hello, world! program in detail. Heres the first piece of the puzzle:
fn main ( ) { }These lines define a function in Rust. The main function is special: its the first thing that is run for every executable Rust program. The first line says, Im declaring a function named main that has no parameters and returns nothing. If there were parameters, their names would go inside the parentheses, ( and ).
Also note that the function body is wrapped in curly braces, { and }. Rust requires these around all function bodies. Its considered good style to put the opening curly brace on the same line as the function declaration, with one space in between.
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