it-ebooks - Ruby中的元编程
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Free Mind
lexyacc
CLispC++
evalLispquinequine
LispPythonRubyevalRuby
LispJohn M. VlissidesPattern Languages of Program Design
Lispreflective programmingmetaprogrammingSmalltalk2070LispCommanObjVlisp[Bobrow+86Cointe87]Metaobject Protocal[Kiczales+91]IBM SOM
Meta
RubyRuby
Rubyattr_accessor
LispSLispLispevaluateVariable CaptureLispLisp
RubyParseTreeParseTreeRubySHeckleRuby'true''false'
Rubyalias
- Ruby's Metaprogramming toolbox:http://weare.buildingsky.net/2009/08/25/rubys-metaprogramming-toolbox
- Metaprogramming in Ruby:http://yehudakatz.com/2009/11/15/metaprogramming-in-ruby-its-all-about-the-self/
- Practical Metaprogramming with Ruby: Storing Preferences:http://www.kalzumeus.com/2009/11/17/practical-metaprogramming-with-ruby-storing-preferences/
- The Ruby Object Model and Metaprogramming:http://pragprog.com/screencasts/v-dtrubyom/the-ruby-object-model-and-metaprogramming
- Metaprogramming Ruby: class_eval and instance_eval:http://jimmycuadra.com/posts/metaprogramming-ruby-class-eval-and-instance-eval
- Metaprogramming in Ruby:http://rubyrogues.com/metaprogramming-in-ruby/
Instance Variables
Instance Methods
ClassClassClassObjectObjectObjectBasicObjectRuby- Constant
# .methods == . class .instance_methods #=> true # N = Class .new N .ancestors #=> [N, Object, Kernel, BasicObject] N . class #=> Class N .superclass #=> Object N .superclass.superclass #=> BasicObject N .superclass.superclass.superclass #=> nilRubyStringArrayRuby 2.0refine
class String def writesize self .size end end puts "Tell me my size!" .writesize!
BUGcaptalize()Stringcaptalize()
OverloadingRectanguleRectanguleRubyinitializeinitializeinitialize
# The Rectangle constructor accepts arguments in either # of the following forms: # Rectangle.new([x_top, y_left], length, width) # Rectangle.new([x_top, y_left], [x_bottom, y_right]) class Rectangle def initialize(*args) if args.size < || args.size > puts 'Sorry. This method takes either 2 or 3 arguments.' else puts 'Correct number of arguments.' end end end Rectangle .new([, ], , ) Rectangle .new([, ], [, ])Rectanguleinitializeinitialize
Anonymous ClassSingleton ClassEigenclassGhost ClassMetaclassuniclass
eigenclasssinglton classesmetaclassesthe class of a classRubyMatzeigenclasseigenones owneigenclassan objects own classeigenclassSinglton Methods))
David Hilbert 1904 EigenEigenclass Ruby
RubyRubyHidden
# 1 class Rubyist def self .who "Geek" end end # 2 class Rubyist class < < self def who "Geek" end end end # 3 class Rubyist end def Rubyist .who "Geek" end #4 class Rubyist end Rubyist .instance_eval do def who "Geek" end end puts Rubyist .who # => Geek # 5 class < < Rubyist def who "Geek" end end5Rubylist.who"Geek"
#5class<<<<
Complete Ruby Class Diagram Ruby 1.8.6Artem SRubyRuby 2.0.0
Ruby
- method lookup
- Ruby
self
Rubyreceiverancestors chainan_object.display()an_objectRubyObjectBasicObjectRuby
Rubyreceiverone step to the right, then uprecivermethod_missingNoMethodErrorRuby
class A def foo end end class B < A def bar # bar method in B end end class C < B def bar # bar method in C # overwriting superclass' method end end obj = C .newobj.bar #=> in C class obj.foo #=> not in C class #=> then go to C's superclass B #=> not in B class #=> then go to B's superclass A #=> execute it- Ruby
selfcurrent object selfreceiverreceiverselfreceiverself@varRubyself
receiverRuby
obj.do_method(param)selfobjselfdo_method(param)do_method(param)
Rubyclassinstance_methodsintance_variablesIntrospectionReflection
class Rubyist def what_does_he_do @person = 'A Rubyist' 'Ruby programming' end end an_object = Rubyist .newputs an_object. class # => Rubyist puts an_object. class .instance_methods( false ) # => what_does_he_do an_object.what_does_he_doputs an_object.instance_variables # => @personrespond_to?respond_to?respond_to?
obj = Object .new if obj.respond_to?( :program ) obj.program else puts "Sorry, the object doesn't understand the 'program' message." endsendObjectsendStringSymbol
class Rubyist def welcome(*args) "Welcome " + args.join( ' ' ) end end obj = Rubyist .newputs(obj.send( :welcome , "famous" , "Rubyists" )) # => Welcome famous Rubyistssend
class Rubyist end rubyist = Rubyist .new if rubyist.respond_to?( :also_railist ) puts rubyist.send( :also_railist ) else puts "No such information available" endrubyistalso_railist
send
class Rubyist private def say_hello(name) " #{name} rocks!!" end end obj = Rubyist .newputs obj.send( :say_hello , 'Matz' )Module#define_methodModuledefine_methoddefine_methodreceiverblock
class Rubyist define_method :hello do |my_arg| my_arg end end obj = Rubyist .newputs(obj.hello( 'Matz' )) # => MatzRubylook-upRubyreceivermethod_missingmethod_missingmethod_missingKernelKernel#method_missingNoMethodErrormethod_missing
class Rubyist def method_missing(m, *args, &block) puts "Called #{m} with #{args.inspect} and #{block} " end end Rubyist .new.anything # => Called anything with [] and Rubyist .new.anything(, ) { something } # => Called anything with [3, 4] and #@tmp 2.rb:7>method_missingihower
car = Car .newcar.go_to_taipei # go to taipei car.go_to_shanghai # go to shanghai car.go_to_japan # go to japan class Car def go(place) puts "go to #{place} " end def method_missing(name, *args) if name.to_s =~ /^go_to_(.*)/ go( $1 ) else super end end endRuby Conf China 2010Ruby API
method_missingmethod_missing
Scoperemove_methodundef_method
class Rubyist def method_missing(m, *args, &block) puts "Method Missing: Called #{m} with #{args.inspect} and #{block} " end def hello puts "Hello from class Rubyist" end end class IndianRubyist < Rubyist def hello puts "Hello from class IndianRubyist" end end obj = IndianRubyist .newobj.hello # => Hello from class IndianRubyist class IndianRubyist remove_method :hello # removed from IndianRubyist, but still in Rubyist end obj.hello # => Hello from class Rubyist class IndianRubyist undef_method :hello # prevent any calls to 'hello' end obj.hello # => Method Missing: Called hello with [] andFont size:
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