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On one level, The Jungle is a gritty investigation into the meatpacking industry. On another, it is a serious book of the times, challenging the policies and beliefs of our political organizations at the beginning of the century. This is one of the first American social protest novels.
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by Frank H. Thompson, Jr., M.A. University of Nebraska
including
Sinclair's Life and Career Background in Social History The Jungle as Propaganda List of Characters Brief Synopsis Chapter Summaries and Commentaries Characterization Review Questions and Theme Topics Selected Bibliography
INCORPORATED LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68501
Page 2
Editor Gary Carey, M.A. University of Colorado
Consulting Editor James L. Roberts, Ph.D. Department of English University of Nebraska
ISBN 0-8220-0699-5 Copyright 1970 by Cliffs Notes, Inc. All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.
1999 Printing
The Cliffs Notes logo, the names "Cliffs" and "Cliffs Notes," and the black and yellow diagonal-stripe cover design are all registered trademarks belonging to Cliffs Notes, Inc., and may not be used in whole or in part without written permission.
Cliffs Notes, Inc. Lincoln, Nebraska
Page 3
Contents
Sinclair's Life and Career
5
Background in Social History
10
The Jungle as Propaganda
13
List of Characters
17
A Brief Synopsis
20
Summaries and Commentaries
24
Characterization
93
Review Questions and Theme Topics
95
Selected Bibliography
97
Page 5
Sinclair's Life and Career
Upton Sinclair's career is characterized best by the word prolific: during the course of seventy-six years he wrote dozens of books, pamphlets, and plays as well as hundreds of articles, speeches, and letters on every conceivable subject for a man who was interested in social conditions and social change. Estimates in the early 1960s give him 90 published books and 772 translations of these books in 47 languages and 39 countries. How many millions of words this output represents would be difficult to calculate, though in the early years of his writing career he was producing 2 million words a year.
His place in literary history is an ambiguous one. Judged by what has been written about him by critics and by his influence on other writers, he is a minor figure. Two of his contemporaries, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser, have a far more secure reputation on strictly literary terms. Sinclair is usually only mentioned in passing when the period in which he began publishing is discussed, like Jack London, a fellow Socialist. This minor ranking in literary history and criticism is partly deserved, because Sinclair invariably used the novel or play only as a means by which to convey his ideas about or criticism of society. This is ironical in light of the fact that he began by thinking his vocation was that of a poet.
Born Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr., on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, he was the son of parents who were southern by ancestry. Several aspects of early family life influenced him profoundly. The family was poor as the result of his father's lack of success as a salesman, and this fact was set against the obvious affluence of his mother's relatives. His father looked upon the world of business as demeaning for a gentleman, and this plus his inability to support the family led him to drink
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excessively. Sinclair's abhorrence of drinking, apparent in The Jungle, was reinforced by the asceticism exemplified in his mother's life and opinions. Surely, this asceticism had a connection with Sinclair's later views on eating and fasting. Mention is made in The Jungle of a science of "clean eating."
When Sinclair was ten his family moved to New York City. Sinclair could have lived with his mother's well-to-do relatives, but he chose to go along to the city. It was only then that he entered school, and by the age of fourteen he was ready for college at the City College of New York. It was during this period in college that he began to support himself by writing hack novels. Most of these were about the lives and adventures of young men. Sinclair's views at this time were a combination of intellectual aristocracy and revolutionary democracy, and his self-admitted heroes were Jesus, Hamlet, and Shelley. He was beginning to believe that his true vocation was to be a poet. He received his bachelor's degree from CCNY at the age of eighteen, continued his hack writing to earn a living (by the age of twenty he was turning out 2 million words a year) and eventually entered graduate school at Columbia University. But his academic life as well as his writing for a living clashed more and more with the role of the poet.
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