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Charles Spencer - Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I

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Charles Spencer Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I
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Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I: summary, description and annotation

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January, 1649. After seven years of fighting in the bloodiest war in Britains history, Parliament had overpowered King Charles I and now faced a problem: what to do with a defeated king, a king who refused to surrender? Parliamentarians resolved to do the unthinkable, to disregard the Divine Right of Kings and hold Charles I to account for the appalling suffering and slaughter endured by his people. A tribunal of 135 men was hastily gathered in London, and although Charles refused to acknowledge the power of his subjects to try him, the death sentence was unanimously passed. On an icy winters day on a scaffold outside Whitehall, in an event unique in English history, the King of England was executed. When the dead kings son, Charles II, was restored to the throne, he set about enacting a deadly wave of retribution against all those - the lawyers, the judges, the officers on the scaffold - responsible for his fathers death. Some of the regicides - the killers of the king - pleaded for mercy, while others stoically awaited their sentence. Many went into hiding in England, or fled to Europe or America. Those who were caught and condemned suffered agonising and degrading ends, while others saw out their days in hellish captivity. Bestselling historian Charles Spencer explores this violent clash of ideals through the individuals whose fates were determined by that one, momentous decision. A powerful tale of revenge from the dark heart of royal history and a fascinating insight into the dangers of political and religious allegiance in Stuart England, these are the shocking stories of the men who dared to kill a king.

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The subject of this book came to me when reading an On this day website recording the 350th anniversary of John Barkstead, Miles Corbet and John Okeys execution for their part in the death of Charles I. Okeys name jumped out at me, as I wrote a little about his Civil War exploits in an earlier work. Wondering what happened to the rest of the killers of the King, and who they all were, led to this book.

I am grateful for the wholehearted encouragement of Andrew Kidd and Gillon Aitken, my literary agents, to pursue the topic. Also to Michael Fishwick, Anna Simpson and their colleagues at Bloomsbury, for their enthusiasm for it all.

My wife, Karen, has been the most intelligent and receptive of sounding boards, enduring my passion for this subject with grace and humour, and always giving superb advice.

Final thanks to the extremely brave men who put a defeated and distrusted king on trial, and saw through what they sincerely believed had to be done. Charles I had many personal qualities many of which he displayed at his noble and dignified end but I believe he was, in his final years, an execrable ruler. It is striking how many fascinating and notable figures colluded to end his life. They deserve, in my view, to be remembered with respect for their sacrifices: this book is my tribute to them.

Spellings: For ease of reading most of the letters and other documents here transcribed are given with the spelling corrected to correspond with modern usage. Many of the main characters names were spelled in a number of ways (Ludlowe, Cooke, etc.) in the seventeenth century, but I have plumped for their modern version.

Sources: The original writings of Edmund Ludlow have been edited by many writers for their political ends, with his Puritanism often downplayed and those views that chimed with radical Whig philosophy frequently amplified. However, as A. B. Worden, the pre-eminent historical expert on Ludlow, affirms, The work, which supplies vivid accounts of Ludlows military and political career, can still be profitably consulted.

Charles Spencer was educated at Eton College and obtained his degree in Modern History at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was a reporter on NBCs Today show from 1986 until 1995, and is the author of four books, including the Sunday Times bestseller Blenheim: Battle for Europe (shortlisted for History Book of the Year, National Book Awards) and Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier .

Manuscript and Archive Sources

Anglice , Mercurius Poeticus , 28 February 1659, eebo.chadwyck.com

Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies, 166168 , British History Online, www.british-history.ac.uk

Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1650 ; 165465 ; 1660 ; 1661 , British History Online, www.british-history.ac.uk

Clarendon State Papers , Bodleian Library, Oxford, www.bodley.ox.ac.uk

Declaration on their Just Resentment of the Horrid Murther of Isaac Dorislaus , E. Husband, Printer to the House of Commons, 1649

Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. 8: 16601667 , British History Online, www.british-history.ac.uk

Mercurius Pragmaticus , 512 December 1648, The Bodleian Library Record, Volume 17

PRO, SP 29/71, fol. 20, The National Archives, Kew

Proclamation by the King for Apprehension of Edward Whalley and William Goffe , London, 22 September 1660, printed by Christopher Barker and John Bill, London, 1660

Proclamation of King Charles , Whitehall, 6 June 1660, printed by Christopher Barker and John Bill, London, 1660

Published Sources

Alvis, John (ed.), Areopagitica and Other Political Writings of John Milton , Liberty Fund Press, Indianapolis, 1999

Anon., A Perfect Narrative of the Whole Proceedings of the High Court of Justice , London, 1649

A Salt Teare: or, the Weeping Onion at the Lamentable Funerall of Dr Dorislaus , London, 1649

Account of Charles Is Conduct on the Scaffold from: King Charles His Execution , London, 1649

An Exact and Most Impartial Accompt of the Indictment, Arraignment, Trial, and Judgment (According to Law) of Twenty-Nine Regicides , London, 1660

A Compleat Collection of the Lives, Speeches, and Prayers of those Persons Lately Executed , London, 1660

The Speeches, Discourses, and Prayers, of Col. John Barkstead, Col. John Okey, and Mr Miles Corbet , London, 1662

Coll. Henry Martens Letters to his Lady of Delight , Oxford, 1663

Ascham, Anthony, A Discourse, wherein is examined what is particularly lawfull during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government (three parts), London, 1648

Atwater, Edward Elias et al., History of the Colony of New Haven to its Absorption into Connecticut , The Journal Publishing Company, Meriden Connecticut, 1902

Aubrey, John, Brief Lives , St Edmondsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, 1998

Blencowe, R. W. (ed.), Sidney Papers , John Murray, London, 1825

Bremer, Francis J., Building a New Jerusalem: John Davenport, a Puritan in Three Worlds , New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012

Burton, Thomas, Diary of Thomas Burton , Vols I and II, London, 1828

Carlyle, Thomas, Oliver Cromwells Letters and Speeches (two volumes), Wiley & Putnam, New York, 1845

Oliver Cromwells Letters and Speeches (two volumes), Scribner, Welford and Co., New York, 1871

Carte, T., A Collection of Original Papers , 2 Vols, 1739

Clarendon, The Earl of, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Vol. II (of II), Oxford University Press, London, 1893

The History of the Rebellion: A New Selection , edited by Paul Seaward, Oxford, 2009

De la Bdoyre, Guy (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn , The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1995

De Beer, E. S. (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn , Oxford, 1959

Eliot, Samuel, New England Magazine , Vol. IX, No. 2, NP, 1893

Exwood, M. and Lehman, H. H., (trans. and eds), The Journal of William Schellincks Travels in England, 16611663 , Camden Society, London, 1993

Farr, David, John Lambert, Parliamentary Soldier and Cromwellian Major-General: 16191684 , Rochester, New York, 2003

Firth, C. H. (ed.), The Clarke Papers, Vol. I , Camden Society, London, 1891

The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow , Vol. I and Vol. II , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1894

The Raising of the Ironsides , Spottiswoode & Company, London, 1899

Fox, John, The Kings Smuggler, Jane Whorwood, Secret Agent to Charles I , The History Press, Stroud, 2010

Jane Whorwood: The Kings Smuggler, History Today , January 2010

Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (ed.), The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 16251660 , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1906

Goffe, William, Diary , www.css.podsdemo.com/webpages/ftphtmltransfer/judges3

Helms, M. W. and Ferris, John P., The History of Parliament, Volumes 16601690, www.historyofparliamentonline.org

Howell, T. B., A Compleat Collection of State Trials, and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors , Vols IV and V, London, 1816

Hunt, Tristram, The English Civil War at First Hand , Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2002

Hutchinson, Lucy, Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, John C. Nimmo, London, 1885

Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson , Orion, London, 1995

Jesse, John, Memoirs of the Court of England: During the Reigns of the Stuarts , Vol. II, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia, 1840

Kennedy, Paul M., The Rise and Fall of British Sea Mastery , A. Lane, London, 1976

Lister, T. H., The Life And Administration of Edward, First Earl of Clarendon , Longmans, London, 1838

Lockyer, Roger (ed.), Trial of Charles I: A Contemporary Account taken from the Memoirs of Sir Thomas Herbert and John Rushworth , Folio Press, 1974

Ludlow, Edmund, The Imprisonment & Death of King Charles I, related by One of his Judges Extracts from the Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow , Edinburgh, 1882

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