Amitabha Acharya - Nanomaterial - Based Biomedical Applications in Molecular Imaging, Diagnostics and Therapy

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With the advent of the nanotechnology, there is an enormous increase in the use of the fabricated nanoscale structures or nanomaterials (NMs) and devices. In recent years, the fabrication of NMs and its explorative properties has gained the attention of many scientific branches, namely, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, computer science, etc. The primary interest in NMs arises from the fact that these are small enough to interact with cellular machinery and probably can reach previously inaccessible targets. Because of this dimensional property, NMs have been extensively used in biology or medicine, namely, for biological imaging, as drug and gene delivery system, and for both in vitro and in vivo applications, as fluorescent biological labels. NPs are promising therapeutic delivery vehicles which can host a wide range of active components, including chemotherapeutics, contrasting agents, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., for various biomedical applications. Nanoscale materials are progressively making a key impact on human health, are used increasingly more in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and have the potential to revolutionize the future nanomedicine.

This book is focused toward the practical applications of medical nanotechnologies with a significant emphasis on specific examples from the existing recent literature. It offers a comprehensive review on application of the NMs for use in molecular imaging, disease diagnostics, therapy, and nanomedicine. It is written in an introductory as well as application level to allow the audiences to have a comprehensive knowledge and firm hold on the principles of NMs, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine, which is followed by a detailed discussion on the mainstream medical applications.

The contents of this book are systematically organized to emphasize the basic principle of nanotechnology, NMs, and their use in the field of biomedical applications like molecular imaging, diagnostics, and therapy. The facts that are unique to this book are (1) detailed description of the basic principles of the NM used in the field of molecular imaging, diagnostics, and therapy; (2) comprehensive discussion on the novel biocompatible NMs, their synthesis, and modern state-of-the-art characterization techniques; and (3) a foretaste into the future of nanomedicine and what we can evolve regarding NMs-based unique diagnostics and therapeutics. This book provides comprehensive outlook of the subject to wider audience, namely, biomaterials scientists/researchers, doctors, imaging researchers, biomedical scientists, postgraduates, and academicians.

Chaptergives a brief introduction to the very new concept of personalized medicine. It covers the journey of the NMs and their advantages in personalized nanomedicine and briefs the potential future prospects of the biocompatible NMs in personalized medicine.

Chapterdiscusses an overview in the area of molecular imaging, diagnostics, and therapy. It gives an emphasis on the importance and basic principles of different molecular imaging and diagnostic techniques.

Chapterincludes a detailed discussion on different methodologies applied for the advanced synthesis of biocompatible fluorescent NMs and their comprehensive characterization using different state-of-the-art techniques, followed by their detailed investigation as molecular imaging probes. It also gives a brief discussion on the biocompatibility of these NMs.

Chapterprovides the window for the advanced application of these NMs for personalized as well as on-site biomedical diagnosis. It covers the fundamentals of medical biosensors for point-of-care applications followed by materials and fabrication of medical biosensors to different technologies and operational techniques. Finally, it gives a brief overview on the current applications of this technology.

Chapterdiscusses on different types of strategies that are used for the immobilization of the biomacromolecules on the NM surface, followed by their characterization using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. It also gives a brief detail on different methodologies employed for increasing the stability of these biomacromolecules on the NM surface and describes biomedical applications of these immobilized biomacromolecules on NMs in detail.

Chaptergives a detailed information about the lectin nanoconjugates, their synthesis using different types of biocompatible (plant/non plant based) raw materials, and their systematic characterization, followed by different types of functionalization and conjugation strategies. It concludes with the comprehensive details on targeted therapeutic potential of these functionalized lectin nanoconjugates.

Chapterpresents different plant sources and methods applied for the synthesis of these biocompatible NMs, followed by their complete characterization by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. It focuses on recent advancements in this field with latest literature on their use in different biomedical applications.

Chapterdescribes recent knowledge and research done in the field of biomolecule-NM interaction with the concept of biomolecular corona. Comprehensive discussion has been done on their formation, characterization, and application in the fields of molecular imaging, diagnostics, and therapy, etc. This chapter concludes with a section listing and describing naturally occurring complex, immune-mediated reactions (infusion reactions) occurring within the human body after receiving the NM (as a therapeutic dose or any other means).