Shailza Singh - Systems and Synthetic Immunology

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In the modern era, infectious diseases have become a major cause of health threat across the globe [], and in 2017, 20,792 out of 22,145 (94%) new cases reported to WHO occurred in seven countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. Tuberculosis accounts for death of nearly five thousand people every day. For both these diseases, there is need of global, multi-sectorial approach. Since drug resistance is a common problem associated with both the abovesaid diseases, vaccines appear as a safe and better treatment strategy.

Area of vaccine development holds much importance in todays arena of drug resistance and toxicity associated with drugs. Significant work has been done toward development of new vaccines and improves the efficacy of existing ones, and the global efforts toward vaccine development have improved the health status universally. It has been inferred that by improving the vaccination program, nearly 1.5 million lives could be saved annually []. Hindrances on various levels are responsible for this, which include legal and ethical reasons.

The major reasons are associated with the link between nature of pathogen and vaccination technologies evolved for it [].

In spite of enormous efforts and strategies followed to develop the vaccine, effective vaccines against both the abovesaid infectious diseases are still a distant variable. Herein this review, we would focus on various vaccination strategies of major infectious disease, namely, leishmaniasis, along with the loopholes in vaccine development program. The important discussion in the present study would be on use of biomaterials in improving the vaccination and other immunotherapies. Biomaterials hold importance in vaccine development because they allow controlled responses to antigens, adjuvants, or immunomodulators and have also been explored for targeted delivery of vaccine candidates to specific cell/tissue.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical vector-borne disease which is transmitted by bite of infected sand fly, afflicting nearly 900,000 1.3 million people annually with 30,000 deaths per year []. The disease is spreading by natural phenomenon and the man-made condition for which efforts are being taken using technology, knowledge, and communication to effectively control it.