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Eisner Tanja - Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory [recurso electrónico] $c

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Eisner Tanja Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory [recurso electrónico] $c

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What is Ergodic Theory? -- Topological Dynamical Systems -- Minimality and Recurrence -- The C*-algebra C(K) and the Koopman Operator -- Measure-Preserving Systems -- Recurrence and Ergodicity -- The Banach Lattice Lp and the Koopman Operator -- The Mean Ergodic Theorem -- Mixing Dynamical Systems -- Mean Ergodic Operators on C(K) -- The Pointwise Ergodic Theorem -- Isomorphisms and Topological Models -- Markov Operators -- Compact Semigroups and Groups -- Topological Dynamics Revisited -- The Jacobsde LeeuwGlicksberg Decomposition -- Dynamical Systems with Discrete Spectrum -- A Glimpse at Arithmetic Progressions -- Joinings -- The HostKra Tao Theorem -- More Ergodic Theorems -- Appendix A: Topology -- Appendix B: Measure and Integration Theory.- Appendix C: Functional Analysis -- Appendix D: The Riesz Representation Theorem -- Appendix E: Theorems of Eberlein, Grothendieck, and Ellis.;Stunning recent results by HostKra, GreenTao, and others, highlight the timeliness of this systematic introduction to classical ergodic theory using the tools of operator theory. Assuming no prior exposure to ergodic theory, this book provides a modern foundation for introductory courses on ergodic theory, especially for students or researchers with an interest in functional analysis. While basic analytic notions and results are reviewed in several appendices, more advanced operator theoretic topics are developed in detail, even beyond their immediate connection with ergodic theory. As a consequence, the book is also suitable for advanced or special-topic courses on functional analysis with applications to ergodic theory. Topics include: an intuitive introduction to ergodic theory an introduction to the basic notions, constructions, and standard examples of topological dynamical systems Koopman operators, Banach lattices, lattice and algebra homomorphisms, and the GelfandNaimark ...

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Tanja Eisner, Blint Farkas, Markus Haase, and Rainer Nagel 2015
Tanja Eisner , Blint Farkas , Markus Haase and Rainer Nagel Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory Graduate Texts in Mathematics 10.1007/978-3-319-16898-2_1
1. What Is Ergodic Theory?
Tanja Eisner 1, Blint Farkas 2, Markus Haase 3 and Rainer Nagel 4
(1)
Institute of Mathematics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
(2)
School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
(3)
Department of Mathematics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
(4)
Mathematical Institute, University of Tbingen, Tbingen, Germany
... 10 ves koromban desapm elmondta annak bizonytst, hogy vgtelen sok prmszm van, s hogy a prmszmok kztt tetszlegesen nagy hzagok vannak, gy bartsgom a prmszmokkal korn kezddtt...
Paul Erds
Ergodic Theory is not one of the classical mathematical disciplines and its name, in contrast to, e.g., number theory, does not indicate its subject. However, its origin can be described quite precisely.
It was around 1880 when Boltzmann, Maxwell, and others tried to explain thermodynamical phenomena by mechanical models and their underlying mathematical principles. In this context, Boltzmann (:
Monoden, welche nur durch die Gleichung der lebendigen Kraft beschrnkt sind, will ich als Ergoden bezeichnen.
A few years later the Ehrenfests () wrote
haben Boltzmann und Maxwell eine Klasse von mechanischen Systemen durch die folgende Forderung definiert:
Die einzelne ungestrte Bewegung des Systems fhrt bei unbegrenzter Fortsetzung schlielich durch jeden Phasenpunkt hindurch, der mit der mitgegebenen Totalenergie vertrglich ist. Ein mechanisches System, das diese Forderung erfllt, nennt Boltzmann ein ergodisches System .
The assumption that certain systems are ergodic is then called Ergodic Hypothesis. Leaving the original problem behind, Ergodic Theory set out on its fascinating journey into mathematics and arrived at quite unexpected destinations.
Before we, too, undertake this journey, let us explain the original problem without going too deep into the underlying physics. We start with an (ideal) gas contained in a box and represented by d (frictionlessly) moving particles. Each particle is described by six coordinates (three for position, three for velocity), so the situation of the gas (better: the state of the system) is given by a point Picture 1 . Clearly, not all points in Picture 2 can be attained by our gas in the box, so we restrict our considerations to the set X of all possible states and call this set the state space of our system. We now observe that our system changes while time is running, i.e., the particles are moving (in the box) and therefore a given state (= point in X ) also moves (in X ). This motion (in the box, therefore in X ) is governed by Newtons laws of mechanics and then by Hamiltons differential equations. The solutions to these equations determine a map
Picture 3
in the following way: If our system, at time t =0, is in the state x 0 X , then at time t =1 it will be in a new state x 1, and we define Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 4 by Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 5 . As a consequence, at time t =2 the state x 0 becomes
Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 6
and
Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 7
at time Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 8 . The so-obtained set Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 9 of states is called the orbit of x 0. In this way, the physical motion of the system of particles becomes a motion of the points in the state space. The motion of all states within one time unit is given by the map Picture 10 . For these objects we introduce the following terminology.
Definition 1.1.
A pair Picture 11 consisting of a state space X and a map Picture 12 is called a dynamical system .
The mathematical goal now is not so much to determine Picture 13 but rather to find interesting properties of it. Motivated by the underlying physical situation, the emphasis is on long term properties of Picture 14 , i.e., properties of Picture 15 as n gets large.
First Objection. In the physical situation it is not possible to determine exactly the given initial state x 0 X of the system or any of its later states Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 16 (Figure ).
Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 17
Fig. 1.1
Try to determine the exact state of the system for only d =1 000 gas particles
To overcome this objection we introduce observables, i.e., functions Picture 18 assigning to each state x X the value f ( x ) of a measurement, for instance of the temperature. The motion in time (evolution) of the states described by the map Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 19 is then reflected by a map Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 20 of the observables defined as
Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 21
and called the Koopman operator . This change of perspective is not only physically justified, but it also has an enormous mathematical advantage:
The set of all observables Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 22 has a vector space structure and the map Operator Theoretic Aspects of Ergodic Theory recurso electrnico c - image 23
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