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Ferdosian Fatemeh - Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials

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Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials
Author:
Ferdosian Fatemeh / Xu Chunbao
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Springer
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2017
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Berlin;Heidelberg
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Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Chunbao Xu and Fatemeh Ferdosian Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology 10.1007/978-3-662-54959-9_1

1. Structure and Properties of Lignin

Chunbao Xu 1

(1)

Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Chunbao Xu (Corresponding author)

Email:

Fatemeh Ferdosian

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Abstract

Lignin is a phenolic natural polymer, second only to cellulose. It can be extracted from lignocellulosic biomass through various chemical, physical, mechanical, and enzymatic treatments. The chemical structure and properties of the extracted lignin are mainly depended on the extraction method, vegetal species, location, season, etc. Based on the separation method, several types of lignin, also called technical lignin, could be obtained, including alkali lignin/kraft lignin, lignosulfonate, organosolv lignin, milled wood lignin (MWL), klason lignin, and hydrolytic lignin. The separation conditions can influence the cross-linked structure and molecular weight distributions of the technical lignin products. By far, lignin is mainly regarded waste or by-product streams from paper pulping mills and cellulosic ethanol plants with a limited application for heat and power generation. However, the abundant availability and unique structure of lignin make it a potential feedstock for the synthesis of biochemicals and biopolymers such as surfactants/dispersants, carbon fibers, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, and polyurethane resins, etc.

Keywords

Lignin Phenolic natural polymer Technical lignin Alkali lignin Kraft lignin Lignosulfonate Organosolv lignin Milled wood lignin (MWL) Klason lignin Hydrolytic lignin

1.1 Lignin

Wood, a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material, consists of cells, and the cell walls consist mainly of three organic components including cellulose (4060 wt%), hemicelluloses (2535 wt%), and lignin (1530 wt%) (Fig. ]. Currently, the majority of technical lignin is generated in kraft pulping processes, and the annual kraft lignin (KL) generation is estimated to be 50 million tons, present in the form of black liquor that is used mainly in the recovery boilers for heat and power generation in the kraft pulping mills.

Fig. 1.1

Schematic structure of wood cells, reprinted with permission from Ref. [] with modifications. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society

Fig. 1.2

Various lignin extraction processes and their dominant products (modified from Ref. [])

Lignin is the second most abundant natural renewable polymer after cellulose [] have been widely used in exploring the structure of lignin.

Table 1.1

Contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in common lignocellulosic biomass (reprinted with permission from Ref. [])

Lignocellulosic materials	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)
Hardwoods stems	4055	2440	1825
Softwood stems	4550	2535	2535
Nut shells	2530	2530	3040
Corn cobs
Grasses	2540	3550	1030
Paper	8599
Wheat straw
Sorted refuse
Leaves	1520	8085
Cotton seed hairs	8095
Newspaper	4055	2540	1830
Waste papers from chemical pulps	6070	1020
Primary wastewater solids		NA	2429
Swine waste	6.0		NAa
Solid cattle manure	1.64.7	1.43.3	2.75.7
Coastal Bermuda grass		35.7	6.4
Switch grass		31.4	12.0

aNot available

Lignin is a phenolic polymer formed by radical coupling polymerization of three monolignols (Figs. ].

$Fig 13 A fraction of lignin model structure reprinted with permission from - photo 3$

Fig. 1.3

A fraction of lignin model structure, reprinted with permission from Ref. []. Copyright (2013) Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 1.4

Structure of three lignin monomers

1.2 Types of Lignin

Technical lignin is conventionally named after the separation (extraction) method, e.g., lignosulfonate lignin, kraft lignin, organosolv lignin, and soda lignin (Fig. ]. In addition, the separation conditions including mechanical action, enzymes, or chemical reagents can influence the crosslinked structure of lignin and formed lignin fragments with different molecular weight distributions.

Some important types of technical lignin are described as follows:

Alkali Lignin/Kraft Lignin
Alkali lignin is isolated from biomass in the presence of NaOH solution at high temperature and pressure. The linkages to polysaccharides are broken and lignin fragments are dissolved in the solvent, forming black liquor. The resulted lignin separated from black liquor with Na2CO3 is called soda lignin. The lignin separated in the presence of Na2SO4 is named kraft lignin [].
Lignosulfonate
Lignosulfonates or sulfonated lignins are water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte polymers, recovered from the sulfite pulping of wood (brown liquor) [].
Organosolv Lignin
Organosolv pulping is conducted in the presence of an aqueous organic solvent at the temperature ranging from 140 to 220 . In this process, the alpha aryl-ether linkages of lignin are broken down by hydrolytic cleavage and the obtained fragments dissolve in the solvent [].
Milled Wood Lignin (MWL)
The milled wood lignin is obtained from milling wood in a ball-mill for tens of hours and the linkages to polysaccharides are broken mechanically. The fragmented lignin is dissolved in solvents such as 0.2 mol/L NaOH solution followed by extraction with dioxane-water mixture [. Lignin yields were as high as 2467% based on the total amount of lignin present.

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