Doan Pham Minh - Design and Applications of Hydroxyapatite-Based Catalysts

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 11
11. Chapter 12
12. Chapter 13
13. Chapter 14

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Chapter 12
13. Chapter 13
14. Chapter 14

Edited by Doan Pham Minh

Editor

Dr. Doan Pham Minh
Universit de Toulouse
IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302
Campus Jarland
81013 Albi cedex 09
France

Cover Image: Doan Pham Minh

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Wellknown by its biocompatibility and its important applications in the field of biomaterials, hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), called thereafter HA, has recently gained a lot of attention of researchers, thanks to its interesting physicochemical properties required for a catalytic material. The number of publications on HAbased catalysts per year exponentially increases during the last two decades and reached around 220 papers in 2020. HA can be used as a catalyst or a catalyst support in various chemical processes such as selective hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, selective oxidation, reforming of hydrocarbons, organic synthesis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, among others. However, HA and HAbased materials are still considered as a new family of catalytic materials, despite their high potential of application in the heterogeneous catalysis. Only some reviews have been done on HAbased catalysts, which are not enough to spread knowledge and accelerate the exploration of these materials.

This is the first book dedicated to the design and applications of HAbased catalysts. It covers different aspects of the catalysis using HAbased materials. Through its 14 chapters, readers can find the basis of synthesis, characterization, surface study, kinetic and mechanism aspects, and the latest advancements on HAbased catalytic systems, which were contributed by different research groups around the world. Thus, it is expected that this book will be the last puzzle piece in the literature to boost research on HAbased catalysts.

I gratefully thank the authors of the chapters and the reviewers who dedicated their precious time and expertise to this book. I also thank all the staff members at Wiley for their assistance in editing and publishing this book.

Doan Pham Minh

Universit de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, F81013 Albi, Cedex 09, France

As recently reviewed by Wisniak .

The first largescale industrial application of the catalysis could be assigned to the production of sulfuric acid over platinum catalyst at the end of the nineteenth century .

Pie charts showing: (a) the percentages of catalytic processes versus noncatalytic processes; (b) and the percentages of all industrial processes that entail the use of heterogeneous, homogeneous and biocatalysis.

Source: Adapted from Thomas and Harris with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Generally, three categories of catalysts are distinguished: heterogeneous catalysts that are usually solid materials, homogeneous catalysts that are usually soluble salts or complexes, and enzymatic catalysts. Among them, heterogeneous catalysts occupy an important place in comparison with the counterparts, mostly because of their easy separation from products and their applicability in large ranges of temperature and pressure. Thus, among catalytic processes, heterogeneous catalysts represent up to 80%, much higher than the parts of homogeneous and enzymatic catalysts (.

More specifically, other catalyst classifications have been also proposed in the literature. For example, by key properties responsible for their catalytic behavior, the following catalyst families can be classified: redox catalysts, acidbase catalysts, or polyfunctional catalysts classified catalysts by their main components. Thus, different families of catalysts are classified such as metals, metal oxides, metal salts, metal coordination compounds, organic molecules, organic polymers, and biocatalysts.

Considering the periodical table of elements, the most wellknown catalysts are found within the elements of the columns 114, which are principally metals and metalbased compounds. Among the most available nonmetallic elements (e.g. C, Si, N, P, O, S, F, Cl, Br, I), O is usually present in catalytic materials; C constitutes a large family of catalyst supports such as activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, and graphene; Si also builds different types of catalysts (zeolites) or catalyst supports (SiO2based materials); F, Cl, Br, I, N, and S have been applied as acid catalysts (in the form of their inorganic acids) or catalyst additives (in the form of their inorganic acids or salts) to modify acidbase properties of another material. On the other hand, P is more particular in comparison with the other nonmetallic elements, since it provides a large number of water soluble and insoluble compounds, of simple or complex oligomer or polymer structures, e.g. orthophosphates (), pyrophosphates (