Miller - Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps: Blood

Biologyand Anatomy & Physiology Helps:

Blood

ByCarolyn Miller

AllRights Reserved

2013 Carolyn Miller

Outsideof fair use, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted inany way without express permission of the author.

Coverart

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Dedication:

Thisbook is dedicated to My Sons.

Mayyou always be students in this wonderful, wide world.

Pleasenote thistext is designed to act as a lesson supplement .This text is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of thematerials covered without a full Biology or Anatomy & Physiologycurriculum to back it up. TheBiology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series is designed to provide a review of the objectives andvocabulary covered by many instructors. This series is in note-likeformat to supplement any student study guide on the topic covered, and provides a selftest at the end of each text to help with material review.

TheBiology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series also provides note taking tips as an aid to the student tofurther develop classroom and study skills.

Tableof Contents:

Notetaking helps are provided to aid the student in further developmentof study and classroom skills. The following abbreviations can helpyou increase your note taking speed in class and increase readabilityof notes at a later time.

~=approximately

=therefore

w/=with

w/o=without

b/c=because

#=numberor pounds

=increase

=decrease

+=positive

-=negative

==equals

>=greaterthan

<=lessthan

ex=example

excp=exception

or =yields

BiologyHelps:

NZ=enzyme

NG=energy

O =oxygen

CO =carbondioxide

C=carbon

Fe=iron

AA=aminoacid

H O=water

CT=connectivetissue

RBC=redblood cell

WBC=whiteblood cell

Hb=hemoglobin

=female

=male

1=primary

2=secondary

3=tertiary

4=quaternary

temp=temperature

Blood is the red liquid circulating in the arteries and veins of humans andother vertebrate animals:

• carriesoxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body.

• theonly fluid tissue

• containscellular an liquid elements

• formedelements -living blood cells

  • buffycoat -consists of leukocytes and platelets which is <1% of whole blood

  • erythrocytes - (or red blood cells, RBC) 45% of whole blood and dedicated to thetransportation of respiratory gasses

    • mostdense portion of the blood

• plasma -colorless fluid part of blood where corpuscles are suspended

  • 55%of whole blood is plasma

  • leastdense portion of the blood

• serum - plasma minus the clotting proteins

characteristics of blood:

• pH -slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45)

• color -dependent on oxygenation

  • scarlet= oxygen rich

  • darkred to purple = oxygen poor

• arterialblood -oxygenated blood in the circulatory system

  • foundin the lungs, left chambers of the heart and arteries

• venousblood -deoxygenated blood

  • foundin the veins (exception: the pulmonary vein that returns to theheart after oxygenation occurs in the lungs)

• Bloodis a specialized connectivetissue:

  • lackscollagen and elastin fibers

  • containsdissolved fibrous proteins which become visible as fibrin strandsduring clotting

volume,in adult humans :

• males5 - 6 liters (1.5 gallons)

• females4 -5 liters (1.2 gallons)

Whileblood performs a number of functions it is most involved in thedistribution and regulation of substances and protection of the body.

distribution :

• deliveroxygen and nutrients to all body cells

• transportmetabolic waste from cells

  • carbondioxide waste to lungs

  • nitrogenwaste to kidneys

• transporthormones from endocrine organs to target organs

regulation :

• maintainbody temperature

• maintainpH acting as reservoir of bicarbonate ions and buffers

• maintainfluid volume to support blood circulation

protection

• preventblood loss through clotting

• preventinfection with white blood cells and antibodies

plasma is a straw colored fluid in which portions of blood are suspended

• 90%water containing dissolved solutes:

  • nutrients

  • gasses

  • hormones

  • wastes

  • cellproducts

  • proteins

  • inorganicions or electrolytes

    • electrolytesoutnumber all solutes (ex. sodium ions and chlorine ions)

• compositionvaries continuously as cells add and remove substances from theblood

• albumin -asimple form of protein that acts as a carrier of molecules throughthe circulatory system

  • 60%of plasma protein is albumin

  • animportant blood buffer

  • majorcontributor to osmotic pressure

• globulin -a simple protein soluble in salt solution

  • thereare 3 principal subsets

    • Alpha( )and beta ( )

      • producedin the liver

      • transportproteins that bind to lipids, fat soluble vitamins and metalirons

    • gamma( )

      • plasmacells release these globulin antibodies during the immuneresponse

• complementproteins -function to defend the body against infection,

• clottingproteins -blood proteins, found in the plasma, part of the body's clottingresponse

structure

• smallcell structure is biconcave disks (this shape increases the cell'soverall surface area), bound by plasma membrane

• lackinga nucleus (or anucleate )and have essentially no organelles

• lackmitochondria, therefore, erythrocytes do not costume the oxygen theycarry

function

• transportrespiratory gasses

• bagsof hemoglobin (Hb)

  • proteinthat functions in gas transport

  • makesRBC red

  • red heme pigment bis bound to a protein globin.

  • globin consists of 4 polypeptide chains, each one binding a ringlike( porphyrinring containing iron (Fe)) heme group.

  • transferrin

    • thetransport protein iron loosely binds to when transported in blood

productionof erythrocytes

• hematopoiesis -blood cell formation

  • occursin red bone marrow

• erythropoiesis -erythrocyte (RBC) production

• ferritin and hemosiderin

  • bothare stored forms of iron

  • protein-ironcomplex

• transferrin is taken up by forming RBCs

• reticulocyte

  • animmature RBC

  • withouta nucleus having reticulated or granular appearance

  • containsreticulum or a network of clumped ribosomes

destructionof erythrocytes

• RBClife span is ~120 days

• becauseanucleate, RBCs cannot synthesize new proteins, grow or divide