Birnbaum Phyllis - Manchu Princess, Japanese Spy : the Story of Kawashima Yoshiko, the Cross-Dressing Spy Who Commanded Her Own Army

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MANCHU

PRINCESS,

JAPANESE

SPY

ASIA PERSPECTIVES

Weatherhead East Asian Institute,

Columbia University

Kawashima Yoshiko, around 1933 Courtesy Hokari Kashio

Phyllis

Birnbaum

MANCHU

PRINCESS,

JAPANESE

SPY The Story of

Kawashima Yoshiko,

the Cross-Dressing

Spy Who Commanded

Her Own Army

Columbia University Press

New York

ASIA PERSPECTIVES: HISTORY, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

A Series of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University

CAROL GLUCK, EDITOR

Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II, by Yoshimi Yoshiaki, trans. Suzanne OBrien

The World Turned Upside Down: Medieval Japanese Society, by Pierre Franois Souyri, trans. Kathe Roth

Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan, by Donald Keene

Geisha, Harlot, Strangler, Star: The Story of a Woman, Sex, and Moral Values in Modern Japan, by William Johnston

Lhasa: Streets with Memories, by Robert Barnett

Frog in the Well: Portraits of Japan by Watanabe Kazan, 17931841, by Donald Keene

The Modern Murasaki: Writing by Women of Meiji Japan, ed. and trans. Rebecca L. Copeland and Melek Ortabasi

So Lovely a Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers, by Donald Keene

Sayonara Amerika, Sayonara Nippon: A Geopolitical Prehistory of J-Pop, by Michael K. Bourdaghs

The Winter Sun Shines In: A Life of Masaoka Shiki, by Donald Keene

FOR ASHOK

CONTENTS

Chizuko: Yoshikos assistant

Doihara Kenji: notorious agent provocateur of the Kwantung Army, whose many dark acts furthered Japanese advances in China; said to be one of Yoshikos financial backers

Fuku: Yoshikos adoptive mother; wife of Kawashima Naniwa

Fukunaga Kosei: only surviving daughter of Hiro and Pujie

Ganjurjab: son of Mongol military leader Babujab; married Yoshiko in 1927

Harada Tomohiko: Naniwas relative, who knew Yoshiko in her youth

Hiro: see Saga Hiro

It Hanni: speculator, Yoshikos lover

Iwata Ainosuke: ultranationalist activist and Yoshikos onetime suitor

Jin Bihui: another name for Kawashima Yoshiko

Jin Moyu: Yoshikos younger sister

Kamisaka Fuyuko: author of 1984 biography of Yoshiko

Kawashima Naniwa: Yoshikos adoptive father

Kawashima Renko: Yoshikos niece; adopted by Kawashima Naniwa

Kawashima Shko: Yoshikos grand-niece, Renkos daughter

Kawashima Yoshiko: also known as Aisin Gioro Xianyu, Eastern Jewel, Radiant Jade, Jin Bihui

Kosei: see Fukunaga Kosei

Mariko: Yoshikos fictional counterpart in Muramatsu Shfs novel The Beauty in Mens Clothing

Matsuoka Ysuke: foreign minister of Japan 19401941

Moriyama Eiji: ultranationalist and Yoshikos onetime suitor

Muramatsu Shf: author of best-selling novel about Yoshiko, The Beauty in Mens Clothing

Muramatsu Tomomi: Muramatsu Shfs grandson; also wrote about Yoshiko

Naniwa: see Kawashima Naniwa

Ogata Hachir: Yoshikos assistant in the latter part of her life

Prince Su: Yoshikos father; also known as Shanqi

Pujie: younger brother of Last Emperor Puyi; husband of Saga Hiro

Puyi: last emperor of the Qing dynasty

Renko: see Kawashima Renko

Saga Hiro: aristocratic Japanese wife of Pujie

Sasakawa Ryichi: controversial entrepreneur and Yoshikos benefactor

Shf: see Muramatsu Shf

Shko: see Kawashima Shko

Sonomoto Kotone: became close friend of Yoshikos in 1939, in Fukuoka

Su Bingwen: warlord who staged a rebellion against the occupying Japanese

Tada Hayao: officer in Kwantung Army, Yoshikos lover

Tanaka Rykichi: officer in Kwantung Army, Yoshikos lover

Terao Saho: author of 2008 biography of Yoshiko

Tomomi: see Muramatsu Tomomi

Tyama Mitsuru: prominent ultranationalist leader of Genysha, a group dedicated to Japans expansion

Wanrong: Puyis wife

Xianli: Yoshikos older brother

Yamaga Tru: Yoshikos first love; later worked for Japans Special Service Agency

Yamaguchi Yoshiko: famed singer-actress, known in China as Li Xianglan and in Japan as Ri Kran

Zhang Zuolin: also known as Chang Tso-lin; powerful warlord assassinated by the Japanese in 1928

1865	Birth of Kawashima Naniwa, Yoshikos adoptive father
19041905	Russo-Japanese War
1907	Approximate date of Yoshikos birth
1911	Revolution in China brings down the Qing dynasty
1912	Republic of China established, Qing emperor Puyi abdicates
Prince Su and family flee from Beijing to Lushun
1915	Approximate date of Yoshikos arrival in Japan as Naniwas adopted daughter
1922	Death of both Yoshikos father, Prince Su, and her mother
1925	Puyi flees from Beijing to Japanese concession in Tianjin
1927	Yoshiko marries Ganjurjab
1928	Warlord Zhang Zuolin assassinated
1931	Manchurian Incident
Puyi leaves Tianjin for Manchuria, soon joined by his wife, Wanrong
1932	Shanghai Incident
Establishment of Manchukuo
Warlord Su Bingwen seizes a railway line in Manchukuo, leading to Hulunbuir Incident
1933	Battle of Rehe
The Beauty in Mens Clothing published
1937	Start of Sino-Japanese War
1940	Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy
1941	Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact signed
Pearl Harbor
1945	Soviets invade Manchukuo
Japanese defeated in Second World War
Yoshiko arrested
1948	Yoshiko executed in Beijing

C hinese and Japanese names are generally written with the family name first, followed by the given name. I usually refer to individuals by their family names, but in cases where a family name can refer to more than one person, the given name is used. For example, Kawashima Yoshiko is usually referred to as Yoshiko; Aisin Gioro Xianli is referred to as Xianli.

For Chinese people and places Ive generally used the pinyin system of romanization, except for those better known in other forms, for example Chiang Kai-shek. In the few quotations from older English-language works and translations, Ive kept the Chinese and Japanese names and places as printed in the originals.

Chinese and Japanese traditionally count their ages using a system different from the one used in the Westa child is one on the date of birth and two the following New Years Daybut they now also use the Western system. Frequently it is hard to determine which system is being used. For this reason, I have left the ages as cited in the original documents. Yoshikos age is particularly difficult to determine, with many different dates cited by contemporaries and biographers.

I dont want to die with humans. But Ill be happy if I die with monkeys. Monkeys are honest. Dogs too.

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