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Andrew Cohen - Extraordinary Canadians Lester B Pearson

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Andrew Cohen Extraordinary Canadians Lester B Pearson

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In his 2 terms as prime minister, from 19631968, Lester B. Pearson oversaw the revamping of Canada through the introduction of Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, the Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, the Auto Pact, and the new Maple Leaf flag. Pearson came to power after an impressive career as a diplomat, where he played a vital role in the creation of NATO and the United Nations, later serving as president of its General Assembly. He put Canada on the world stage when he won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for his handling of the Suez Crisis, during which he brokered the formation of a UN peacekeeping force. Author Andrew Cohen, whose books have focused on Canadas place in the world, is the perfect author to assess Pearsons legacy

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

When John Ralston Saul approached me to write a biography of Lester Pearson for this ambitious historical series he is editing for Penguin Canada, I was delighted to say yes. I have been intrigued by Pearson since I was a graduate student in international affairs, when I wrote my thesis on the failure of Quiet Diplomacy during the Vietnam War. Years later, I returned to Pearson in exploring the decline of Canadas internationalism in While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World . To this volume of Extraordinary Canadians, John gently made sound suggestions on theme and structure, as well as offering an imaginative interpretation of Pearsons place in modern Canada. John Ralston Saul is an extraordinary Canadian himself.

I owe great thanks to Heather Sangster and the Strong Finish team, who edited the manuscript carefully, simplified unwieldy prose, and cheerfully shepherded the book through the production process. Graham Fraser, Canadas commissioner of official languages and a former journalist, shared his thoughts with me on the origins of official bilingualism. Colin Robertson, a diplomat and a devoted Pearsonian, kindly read the manuscript. Peter C. Newman, the author and journalist, happily answered my queries on the politics of the 1960s. Boo Leslie, the daughter of Brooke Claxton, graciously shared her memories of growing up in Pearsons Rockcliffe.

Geoffrey Pearson talked to me about his father, as he had often over the years. When I saw him last February, he was funny, tart, and unusually sentimental. He died unexpectedly shortly after our conversation. No son could have been more devoted to the memory and ideals of his father. This book is dedicated to him.

Landon Pearson reflected on the character of her father-in-law and his marriage to Maryon. She was generous, frank, and expansive in what was a difficult time for her, for which I am intensely grateful.

Having spent the last year in Berlin, I could not have written this biography without my superb research assistant, Kristina Roic, a writer and editor in Ottawa. This is our second collaboration on a book, and Kristina remains unfailingly thorough, reliable, and conscientious. She found out-of-print books, unearthed old magazine and newspaper articles, organized my visits to the National Archives, and shipped material across the Atlantic. She also reviewed the manuscript. Once again, she has been indispensable.

My deepest gratitude goes to my wife, Mary Gooderham, an author, journalist, and editor. There is no longer anything I write that Mary does not read before I submit it, demanding a standard of clarity and economy of writing that I seldom reach. Without her indulgence and love, this biography of Lester Pearson would not have come to be.

Andrew Cohen

June 27, 2008

Berlin

ALSO IN THE EXTRAORDINARY CANADIANS SERIES:

Big Bear by Rudy Wiebe

Lord Beaverbrook by David Adams Richards

Norman Bethune by Adrienne Clarkson

Emily Carr by Lewis DeSoto

Tommy Douglas by Vincent Lam

Glenn Gould by Mark Kingwell

Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin by John Ralston Saul

Stephen Leacock by Margaret MacMillan

Nellie McClung by Charlotte Gray

Marshall McLuhan by Douglas Coupland

L.M. Montgomery by Jane Urquhart

Mordecai Richler by M.G. Vassanji

Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont by Joseph Boyden

Pierre Elliott Trudeau by Nino Ricci

SERIES EDITOR:

John Ralston Saul

CHRONOLOGY

1897

Lester Bowles Pearson is born April 23 in Newtonbrook, Ontario.

1913

Pearson enrols at Victoria College, University of Toronto.

1915

He enlists as a private in the Canadian Army Medical Corps.

1916

He serves in the Balkans as a stretcher-bearer.

1917

He joins the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot in England and is injured in a road accident in London.

1918

Pearson is invalided home. He suffers a nervous breakdown and is discharged from the army.

1919

He returns for a last term at the University of Toronto and graduates in June.

1919

He takes a job as a sausage-stuffer at a subsidiary of Armour and Company in Hamilton, Ontario.

1920

He works as a clerk with Armour and Company in Chicago.

1921

Pearson returns to Canada and sails for Oxford University, St. Johns College.

1923

He begins teaching in the Department of History, University of Toronto.

1925

Pearson marries Maryon Elspeth Moody in Winnipeg August 22.

1927

His son, Geoffrey Arthur Holland Pearson, is born.

1928

Pearson enters the Department of External Affairs as first secretary.

1929

His daughter, Patricia Lillian Pearson, is born.

1930

He attends the London Naval Conference.

1931

Pearson serves as the secretary to the Royal Commission on Grain Futures.

1934

He becomes the secretary to the Royal Commission on Price Spreads and Mass Buying.

1934

He is awarded an Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his work on the royal commission.

1935

Pearson is appointed to the Canadian High Commission in London as political secretary.

1939

Pearson takes home leave. Anticipating the war, he returns to London days before the war breaks out.

1941

He is appointed assistant undersecretary, Ottawa.

1942

He is appointed minister-counsellor to the Canadian legation in Washington, D.C.

1943

He serves as chairman of the FAO Interim Commission.

1944

He is appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Washington, D.C.

1945

Pearson is appointed ambassador to the United States.

1946

He is appointed undersecretary of state for external affairs.

1948

He is appointed secretary of state for external affairs September 10 and is elected as the Member of Parliament for Algoma East October 25. Pearson is re-elected seven times.

1949

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is established.

1950

Pearson attends the Colombo Conference in Colombo, Ceylon.

195152

He serves as chairman of the NATO Council.

1952

He is elected president of Seventh Session, UN General Assembly.

1956

Pearson is one of the three wise men to examine NATO.

1956

He introduces the critical peacekeeping resolution to end the Suez Crisis.

1957

The Liberals are defeated. Pearson wins the Nobel Peace Prize.

1958

He is elected leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and leads the party to the worst defeat in its history March 31.

1960

The Kingston Conference begins the renewal of the Liberal Party.

1962

Pearson proposes a bilingualism commission. The Liberals win ninety-nine seats in the election.

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