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Steven Leblanc - Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest

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Massacres, raiding parties, ambush, pillage, scalping, captive taking: the things we know and sometimes dread to admit occur during times of war all happened in the prehistoric Southwest-and there is ample archaeological evidence. Not only did it occur, but the history of the ancient Southwest cannot be understood without noting the intensity and impact of this warfare. Most people today, including many archaeologists, view the Pueblo people of the Southwest as historically peaceful, sedentary corn farmers. Our image of the Hopis and Zunis, for example, contrasts sharply with the more nomadic Apaches whose warfare and raiding abilities are legendary. In PREHISTORIC WARFARE IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST Steven LeBlanc demonstrates that this picture of the ancient Puebloans is highly romanticized. Taking a pan-Southwestern view of the entire prehistoric and early historic time range and considering archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence and oral traditions, he presents a different picture. War, not peace, was commonplace and deadly throughout the prehistoric sequence. Many sites were built as fortresses, communities were destroyed, and populations massacred. The well-known abandonments of much of the Southwest were warfare related. During the late prehistoric period fighting was particularly intense, and the structure of the historic pueblo societies was heavily influenced by warfare. Objectively sought, evidence for war and its consequences is abundant. The people of the region fought for their survival and evolved their societies to meet the demands of conflict. Ultimately, LeBlanc asserts that the warfare can be understood in terms of climate change, population growth, and their consequences.

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title Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest author - photo 1

title:Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
author:LeBlanc, Steven A.
publisher:University of Utah Press
isbn10 | asin:
print isbn13:9780874805819
ebook isbn13:9780585133034
language:English
subjectPueblo Indians--Warfare, Pueblo Indians--Wars, Pueblo Indians--Antiquities, Southwest, New--Antiquities, Mexico, North--Antiquities.
publication date:1999
lcc:E99.P9L42 1999eb
ddc:979/.01
subject:Pueblo Indians--Warfare, Pueblo Indians--Wars, Pueblo Indians--Antiquities, Southwest, New--Antiquities, Mexico, North--Antiquities.
Page iii
Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
Steven A. LeBlanc
The University of Utah Press
Salt Lake City
Page iv
1999 by the University of Utah Press
All rights reserved
Figures 2.1, 2.5, 4.6, 5.2, 5.6, 6.11, 6.20, 7.1 Baker Aerial Archaeology
9900 01 02 03 04
1 2 3 4 5 6
This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
LeBlanc, Steven A.
Prehistoric warfare in the American Southwest / Steven A. Leblanc.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-87480-581-3 (alk. paper)
I. Pueblo IndiansWarfare. 2. Pueblo IndiansWars. 3. Pueblo
IndiansAntiquities. 4. Southwest, NewAntiquities. 5. Mexico, North
Antiquities. I. Title.
E99.P9L42 1999
979'.01-dc21 98-42327
Page v
Contents
Figures
vi
Tables
viii
Preface
ix
One
Introduction
1
Two
Evidence for Warfare
43
Three
The Evolution of Southwestern Warfare Technology
93
Four
Endemic Warfare in the Early Period:
The Basketmaker and Pueblo I Periods
119
Five
Pax with a Twist: Warfare in the Middle Period;
Pueblo II and Early Pueblo III Times
153
Six
Crisis and Catastrophe:
Warfare in the late Pueblo III and Pueblo IV Periods
197
Seven
Social and Political Consequences of Late Period Southwestern Warfare
277
Eight
Conclusion
307
Appendix: Details of Late Period Site Clusters
321
Bibliography
351
Index
389

Page vi
Figures
1.1
Map of the Southwest showing locations of the major cultural divisions.
xiv
1.2
Chart of the cultural sequences for the Southwest.
35
2.1
The site of Kotyiti in the Rio Grande Valley, with an inward-facing layout.
57
2.2
Cross section of a typical inward-facing pueblo.
58
2.3a
Three-storied tower built against a large boulder.
59
2.3b
Tower at Holly Group, Hovenweep National Monument.
59
2.3c
Twin towers, Hovenweep National Monument.
60
2.3d
Tower in Navajo Canyon, Mesa Verde National Park.
60
2.4
Diagram of ladder-type construction.
64
2.5
Hilltop site of Cerro Colorado in central New Mexico.
67
2.6
The site of Puye on the Pajarito Plateau, situated on the edge of the mesa.
67
2.7
Mimbres Black-on-white bowls showing decapitation scenes.
89
3.1
Atlatl and fending stick.
97
3.2
Self-bow and recurved bow.
100
3.3
Depictions of recurved bows from kiva murals.
102
3.4
Mimbres Black-on-white bowls depicting self-bows.
103
3.5
Cache of swords found near Grants, New Mexico.
105
3.6
Rock art depicting shield bearers, Galisteo Basin, New Mexico.
108
3.7
Kiva mural of shield bearers.
109
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