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Linda Lawson - Truth in publishing: federal regulation of the presss business practices, 1880-1920

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Truth in publishing: federal regulation of the presss business practices, 1880-1920: summary, description and annotation

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This is the first policy history to examine government regulation of the print medias business practices in the early twentieth century.Most media histories depict the early twentieth-century press as a crusader, working closely with reformers to weed out abuses in society. This book turns the tables and examines the press as a business susceptible to corporate abuses and government regulationjust like any other enterprise. And like other business leaders targeted by reformers, some publishers and advertisers welcomed the scrutiny of reformers and encouraged lawmakers to enact strong legislation to cleanse the profession. Others, however, tried to hide behind the First Amendment and resisted all attempts at government regulation.In the end, Congress bypassed the First Amendment question by linking its regulations to the presss mail privilege, where, it was felt, the courts would uphold its authority to set standards for the subsidy.The Newspaper Publicity Act, passed in 1912, is still in effect and requires commercial newspapers and magazines using the preferential second-class mail rate to identify their owners and investors and to label advertisements that resemble news stories or editorials. Daily newspapers are also required to disclose circulation data along with their ownership statements.In part 1, Lawson documents the presss inner workings, including its excesses and abuses, as it evolved from a collection of small businesses in the mid 1800s to an established commercial institution of the twentieth century. Large, urban newspapers challenged small, rural papers at the same time burgeoning popular magazines and trade journals competed fiercely with every other type of publication for advertisers and readers. The regulatory actions brought about by these divisions within the industry are treated in part 2. Lawson makes clear how Congress, the post office, and the courts responded to the troubling business practices outlined in part 1. Finally, she analyzes what this episode in policy making reveals about the Progressive ideology with its reliance on publicity and regulation to solve social and economic problems and in the process integrates many of the apparently paradoxical strands of scholarship on the Progressive period.

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title Truth in Publishing Federal Regulation of the Presss Business - photo 1

title:Truth in Publishing : Federal Regulation of the Press's Business Practices, 1880-1920
author:Lawson, Linda.
publisher:Southern Illinois University Press
isbn10 | asin:0809318296
print isbn13:9780809318292
ebook isbn13:9780585028149
language:English
subjectGovernment and the press--United States, Press and politics--United States, United States--Politics and government.
publication date:1993
lcc:PN4738.L36 1993eb
ddc:070.172
subject:Government and the press--United States, Press and politics--United States, United States--Politics and government.
Truth In Publishing
Federal Regulation
of the Press's Business Practices,
18801920
Linda Lawson
Southern Illinois University Press
Carbondale and Edwardsville
Copyright 1993 by the Board of Trustees,
Southern Illinois University
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Designed by Duane E. Perkins
Production supervised by Natalia Nadraga
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lawson, Linda
Truth in publishing: federal regulation of the press's
business practices, 18801920/Linda Lawson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Government and the pressUnited States. 2. Press and
politicsUnited States. 3. United StatesPolitics and
government. I. Title.
PN4738.L36 Picture 21993
071'.3dc20Picture 3Picture 4Picture 5Picture 692-34828
ISBN 0-8093-1829-6Picture 7Picture 8Picture 9Picture 10CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirementsof American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanenceof Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
1 Introduction
1
PART ONE Business Excesses in the Press
7
2. Hidden Ownership
12
3. Disguised Advertisements
25
4. Circulation Liars
45
PART TWO Progressive-Era Regulations on the Press
59
6. Ownership Disclosed
91
7. Advertisements Identified
106
8. Circulation Revealed
124
9. Publicity as an Antidote for Press Abuses
141
Notes
151
Selected Bibliography
207
Index
225

Page vii
Acknowledgments
Many people helped me in the research and writing of this book. I received much assistance from librarians, including the interlibrary loan and government document staffs at the University of Washington and Indiana University; Aloha South, assistant chief of the Civil Records Branch, National Archives; Hilary Cummings, curator of manuscripts at the University of Oregon; Pamela A. Wasmer, manuscript librarian at the Indiana State Library in Indianapolis; and Sarah Paulson, executive director of the American Advertising Museum in Portland, Oregon. Thank you.
I also want to thank my colleagues in the School of Journalism at Indiana University for their encouragement and support. Special thanks go to my family and to the late Bill Ames, Gerald J. Baldasty, Robert E. Burke, Pat Dinning, Anthony Giffard, Richard B. Kielbowicz, Don Pember, and Lewis O. Saum.
Page 1
Chapter One
Introduction
For the Progressive-era press, publicitythat "great purifier" of societal illswas a paradoxical weapon.1 Publishers used it to expose wrongdoing in other institutions but resisted public exposure of their own business dealings. Many had good reason to squirm under publicity's disinfecting light, for the press was guilty of many of the wrongdoings that reformers ascribed to businesses generally. Publishers commonly lied about their circulation figures, adapted their editorial policies to favor advertisers, and printed advertisements disguised to resemble news stories and editorials. Others concealed the identity of their publications' owners and stockholders to hide conflicts of interest. And still others were not "publishers" at all, but actually manufacturers who created advertising sheets to look like news publications in order to qualify for the highly subsidized second-class mail privilege.
Until the waning years of the Progressive period, many reformers looked upon the press as an ally in their quest to expose corporate corruption and to educate the public to make moral, pragmatic decisions. Indeed, various periodicals published about two thousand exposs on virtually every aspect of American society in the early years of the twentieth century. Some journalists, particularly those writing for reform magazines, publicized so many social and economic abuses that President Theodore Roosevelt, a masterful publicist himself, criticized them for "look[ing] no way but downward with the muck-rake," like the man in Bunyan's
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