Borowiecki Karol Jan - Cultural Heritage in a Changing World
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Part I: Context of change -- Cultures and technology. An analysis of the changes currently taking place: the digital and the global dimension and local cultures -- Interdisciplinary collaborations in the creation of digital dance and performance: A critical examination -- Sound archives accessibility -- Technology and public access to cultural heritage: the Italian experience on IT for public historical archives -- Intellectual Property Rights and Photography: an Eternal Golden Braid -- Part II: Mediated and unmediated heritage -- A case study of an inclusive museum. The National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari became liquid -- The museum as information space -- The Museum of Gamers -- Part III: Co-creation and living heritage for social cohesion -- Change of museums by change of perspective -- Reflecting experiences of museum development in the context of EuroVision -- Museums Exhibiting Europe (EU Culture Project) -- Technologies lead to adaptability and lifelong engagement with culture throughout the cloud -- Urban cultural heritage festivals: a resource for promoting community and territorial cohesion -- Tools you can trust? Co-design in community heritage work -- Crowdsourcing Culture: Challenges to Change -- Part IV: Identity -- The Spanish Republican exile: identity, belonging and memory in a digital way -- Chinese is getting back their own culture and tradition in digital era.;The central purpose of this collection of essays is to make a creative addition to the debates surrounding the cultural heritage domain. In the 21st century the world faces epochal changes which affect every part of society, including the arenas in which cultural heritage is made, held, collected, curated, exhibited, or simply exists. The book is about these changes; about the decentring of culture and cultural heritage away from institutional structures towards the individual; about the questions which the advent of digital technologies is demanding that we ask and answer in relation to how we understand, collect and make available Europes cultural heritage. Cultural heritage has enormous potential in terms of its contribution to improving the quality of life for people, understanding the past, assisting territorial cohesion, driving economic growth, opening up employment opportunities and supporting wider developments such as improvements in education and in artistic careers. Given that spectrum of possible benefits to society, the range of studies that follow here are intended to be a resource and stimulus to help inform not just professionals in the sector but all those with an interest in cultural heritage.
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Borowiecki Karol Jan
Kylie Message
Margaret Kadoyama
Alice Stevenson
Ali Hossaini (editor)
Laura Raicovich
Walhimer
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Part I
Context of Change
Context of Change
The Author(s) 2016
Karol Jan Borowiecki , Neil Forbes and Antonella Fresa (eds.) Cultural Heritage in a Changing World 10.1007/978-3-319-29544-2_1Cultures and Technology: An Analysis of Some of the Changes in ProgressDigital, Global and Local Culture
Mariella Combi 1
(1)
Sapienza Universit di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
Mariella Combi
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Abstract
The analysis presents some reflections on the changes produced by the use of digital technologies in contemporary Western societies. The scope is to understand the occurrences of the recent past, from the second half of the 1900s, and what is happening in social and individual experiences today. To devise a future, to decide how, when and what to offer in order to transmit to young people the fields of knowledge and skills that will be of use for managing their future successfully in a changing Europe. The prevailing theoretical approach is from an anthropological cultural point of view with interdisciplinary encounters. The chapter is divided into three parts: the first two are general reflections on the role of digital technologies in the past and present and focus on questions, expectations, characteristics that have interested scholars over time. The third level looks at the problematic features of people who were born after 1980, the so-called digital natives.
The aim of this article is to understand the cultural changes brought about by the rapid diffusion of the new communications technology in the globalized context of the West. The main slant is from a cultural anthropological point of view, but it is inevitably also interdisciplinary due to the common ground shared with philosophy, psychology and sociology. The analysis intends to make some proposals on how to think about a European future, and how to intervene consciously in the current situation so that it keeps pace with the young, the so-called digital natives (Prensky ). In order to do this, I begin by tracing a brief outline of the reasons why the discipline of cultural anthropology plays such an important role in the understanding of the digital revolution which today is a part of our everyday life. The new information technologies and their global diffusion have radically influenced the changes in Western society and locally. The current process of globalization has favoured and has been strengthened by the Internet which has evolved with unprecedented rapidity.
Cultural differences between groups of human beings have always been at the very core of cultural and social anthropology since it became an academic discipline: as Hunnerz () says diversity is our business. Initially the discipline was concerned with the study of non-Western, so called primitive cultures, which today also have an impact on our own society. Anthropology is characterized by multiple, interconnected fields of study which make up the culture of a group of human beings. This anthropological concept helps us understand what we are talking about and consists of a wide range of different realms of knowledge elaborated by all populations, and their resulting actions and behaviours. Such spheres of knowledge are organized into a cognitive structure whose content varies from group to group.
These realms of knowing are considered useful by a society to tackle everyday life, extraordinary events, and problems that give meaning to the world around them. This cultural model is learnt at birth, more or less unconsciously; people make it their own by imitation and example and it is expressed in the local language. This is not a once-and-for-all procedure but a flexible one, subject to continuous change, a life-long learning process influenced by personal experience. Culture is, therefore, essential for creating a sense of belonging and identity for every human being (Combi ).
Every cultural model finds its own answers to internal impulses that occur over a period of time, but above all to those produced by encounters with other cultures. The modifications, theoretical or practical, which emerge from the diversity of the fields of knowledge that characterize different societies can be influential to a greater or lesser degree. This is a case in point for changes arising from the introduction of advanced technologies, whether these are felt consciously or unconsciously in our Western culture and in other cultures. When a human group comes into contact with new elements it arranges them inside an already existing pattern, thus modifying the order of what is already known. The introduction of new technologies, for example, has led to changes which required readjustment, or new articulations, of relations between the various fields of knowledge and the daily life of both the individual and the community. Technical revolutions have also turned out to be cultural revolutions, as witnessed by the changes wrought by inventions such as the wheel, the steam engine etc., and also by the passage from an oral culture to a written one (Combi ).
Anthropology has the instruments to analyse cultural changes and to understand the current process of globalisation and the effects created by information technology on different societies.
The role of technology in a society shows the indissolubility of the relationships that bind technology, society and the individual as shown by this analysis which identifies the numerous cultural changes caused by the use of information technology (IT). Technology is not only the machine itself but is the whole set of relationships between human beings, utensils and fields of knowledge. Another important feature of anthropological theory is that it enables us to define culture as a set of communicative acts. Communication is what allows groups and individuals to represent themselves and interact with the world through norms and values.
For years now the mass media have in forecasting a future of homogenization, a levelling-out or even disappearance of cultural differences. Field research and ethnography carried out all over the world by anthropologists have maintained the contrary for decades and this has been confirmed by current trends. For example, the constant rising demand to have own cultural and linguistic features acknowledged within Nations such as the Scots in Great Britain, the Catalans in Spain, etc.
One final general observation: new technologies modify space, time, relationships and types of communication that still continue to co-exist with the other fields of knowledge inherent in a culture. The different pace of development of different societies in the world has been overwhelmed by this innovation, which has caught everyone unaware. The greater our awareness of living in a global world, the more strenuous our defence of local identity is. There is a gap between the speed at which digital technology is developing and the slow pace at which cultural models and their inherent values are changing. For example, time and space are perceived in different ways on the net and in real life, although the perception of the web is slowly influencing the perception in real life.
This push for cultural change greatly stimulated by the web, is present in all societies involved in this technological experience. Therefore, anthropology does not only seek to understand how one learns to become a member of a society, but it also seeks to understand how selection activities and human creativity modify the process of learning in order to open the mind and get to know and learn to respect the world view of others.
Changes in Cultural Codes, Behaviours and Fields of Knowledge
The following analysis is divided into the three periods of our societys time continuum past, present and future. To provide young Europeans with the necessary cognitive abilities to manage their future with greater awareness, it is essential to revise previously-held opinions and, with the benefit of hindsight, to answer questions that had no answers from the second half of the 1900s to the first decade of the twenty-first century, re-analysing the cultural changes that have occurred since then. The past that I am therefore interested in is the recent past. Many of us can hardly remember ever having lived without e-mail, computers, smart phones, all those technological devices that today seem indispensable.
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