Quotas in International Environmental
Agreements
THE LAW AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT SERIES
Edited by Philippe Sands, Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD), School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London University
Global environmental problems demand global, cooperative solutions. That means rethinking international law. Building on their formidable international experience, Philippe Sands and his colleagues have launched us into that rethink. A legal parallel to the Blueprint series: welcome, timely and provocative. David Pearce
UNCED called for the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development. A new area of law is now evolving to take into account issues of environment, development and social justice. The books in this series aim to address and define the main legal issues involved and to contribute to the progressive development of law.
Other titles in the series, all available from Earthscan, include:
Greening International Institutions
Edited by Jacob Werksman
ISBN 1 85383 244 8
Greening International Law
Edited by Philippe Sands
ISBN 1 85383 151 4
Improving Compliance with International Environmental Law
Edited by James Cameron, Jacob Werksman and Peter Roderick
ISBN 1 85383 261 8
Interpreting the Precautionary Principle
Edited by Tim ORiordan and James Cameron
ISBN 1 85383 200 6
Property Rights in the Defence of Nature
Elizabeth Brubaker
ISBN 1 85383 278 2
Quotas in International Environmental
Agreements
Amanda Wolf
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 1997
This edition published 2013 by Earthscan
For a full list of publications please contact:
Earthscan
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Copyright Amanda Wolf, 1997
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-85383-400-4 (pbk)
Typesetting and page design by PCS Mapping & DTP, Newcastle upon Tyne
Cover design by Elaine Marriott
This book owes much to my family, for emphasizing learning and for unflagging confidence. I am grateful to my teachers for their guidance and encouragement. Many others contributed to this project in wonderful ways. More immediately, I thank Philippe Sands, and Rowan Davies at Earthscan and my copy editor Andrea Reeves-Smyth for helping to bring this book to fruition. I acknowledge with particular gratitude Karen Baehler, Peter Brown, Paul Gargan, John Horowitz, Alan Miller, Charlotte Pratt, David Rodgers, Rose Ryan, Carol Schatz, Thomas Schelling, Allen Schick, Elisabeth Slooten, Bert Spector, David Victor, Cath Wallace, Charles Wolf, Joan Wolf, and Bill Zartman. Special thanks are due to Peyton Young who, when he needed a graduate mathematician for research assistance, took a gamble instead on a neophyte with philosophy training. Over the years he has been an exemplary mentor. My deepest debt of gratitude is to my partner, David Turner, whose love, intelligence and spirit of adventure bring me such joy. Finally, I would like to acknowledge financial support from the University of Maryland School of Public Affairs, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Amanda Wolf
Wellington
March 1997
BAT | best available technology |
BATNA | best alternative to a negotiated agreement |
BWU | blue whale unit |
CBD | UNCED Convention on Biological Diversity |
CFC | chloro-fluorocarbon |
CITES | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species |
CLA | catch limit algorithm |
CLQ | constrained local quota |
COP | Conference of Parties on Climate Change |
CSD | United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development |
EEC | European Economic Community |
EFTA | European Free Trade Area |
EMEP | Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Term Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe |
EPA | US Environmental Protection Agency |
FAO | United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization |
FCCC | UNCED Framework Convention on Climate Change |
FRG | Federal Republic of Germany |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GDR | German Democratic Republic |
GNP | gross national product |
HCFC | hydro chloro-fluorocarbon |
IATTC | Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission |
ICCAT | International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas |
ICRW | International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling |
IEQS | ivory export quota system |
ITTA | International Tropical Timber Agreement |
IWC | International Whaling Commission |
JI | joint implementation |
LRTAP | Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution |
MSY | maximum sustainable yield |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NRDC | Natural Resources Defense Council |
ODP | ozone-depleting potential |
ODS | ozone-depleting substances |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
OSPAR | Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic |
PCB |