Gabriela Kütting - Environment, Society and International Relations: Towards More Effective International Agreements

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Environment, Society and
International Relations

This is an important addition to the literature on the international relations of global environmental change. Dr Ktting's focus on eco-centrism challenges conventional analyses of regime implementation.

Professor Marc Williams, School of Political Science, University of New South Wales

In this useful book, Dr Ktting provides clear and direct discussion of an important problem. Her work has added value, both because it is rooted in a close study of two cases and because she makes a conscious effort to interrogate the adequacy of international relations theory from that basis. This book has much to recommend it.

Dr Gwyn Prins, Senior Research Fellow, Royal Institute of International Affairs

What are the connections between environmental diplomacy and environmental protection?

What makes an international environmental agreement effective?

In the past thirty years the number of international environmental agreements has steadily risen to reach record numbers. However, the quantity of international environmental agreements recently concluded should not be taken as evidence of a necessary increase in quality. The number of agreements may be impressive but this does not mean that the terms of the negotiated agreement necessarily help to improve the state of the environment. These are the issues which Gabriela Ktting addresses in this cutting edge study of the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. Based on a critique of traditional regime theory, this book outlines the structures in which agreement-making operates and demonstrates that a fundamental reassessment of the relationship between environment and society is necessary.

Environment, Society and International Relations offers new insights into the study of social organisation and its effect on the environment. It also offers a compelling critique of neoliberal institutionalist thought, which has rarely been presented in such a thorough and convincing way. This ground-breaking volume is an essential resource for students and researchers of International Relations, Environmental Studies and International Political Economy, as well as for policy analysts.

Gabriela Ktting is a lecturer in International Relations at the University of Aberdeen. Her articles on International Relations/International Political Economy and the environment have been widely published in journals including International Environmental Affairs and Environmental Politics.

Environment, Society
and International
Relations

Towards more effective international
environmental agreements

Gabriela Ktting

First published 2000
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001.

2000 Gabriela Ktting

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ktting, Gabriela

Environment, society, and international relations: towards more effective international
environmental agreements/Gabriela Ktting.
p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Environmental policy-International cooperation. I. Title.

JZ1324.K88 2000

363.7*0526-dc21

99-053190

ISBN 0-415-21465-3 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-21466-1 (pbk)
ISBN 0-203-13080-4 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-17671-5 (Glassbook Format)

For Pavlos

Contents

PART I
Distinguishing between institutional and environmental effectiveness

PART II
Empirical studies

PART III
Environment, society and international relations

Preface

This book arose out of the realisation that a gap needed to be bridged between the institutional international relations (IR) literature concerned with international environmental agreements and the environmental literature studying the social origins of environmental degradation. I hope that this book will prove beneficial for both camps: introduce a wider focus for IR by arguing the need for an inclusion of the study of the environment-society relationship and contribute to the environmental literature by showing how IR and the study of the environment can be linked.

Many people have helped in the completion of this project. I am particularly indebted to Julian Saurin, Marc Williams and Pamela Shaw for their intellectual stimulation, time, encouragement and interest in my work. Thanks are due to the MAP and CLRTAP secretariats who helped by providing access to officials as well as the British and German delegations to CLRTAP who gave me observer status during Working Group on Strategies meetings. Libby Assassi, Caroline Thomas, Barbara Adam, Detlef Sprinz, John Abraham, Branwen Gruffyth Jones, Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, John Vogler, Evangelos Raftopoulos, the BISA Environment Group and the Sussex University IR and CDE research student discussion groups have helped me through comments and discussions. I have benefited from the friendship and emotional support given by my parents, Faiza Zaheer, Gaby Kittel, Zivka Mares Randic and Derek Shaw.

This book is dedicated to my friend Pavlos who sadly lost his mother last year. Pavlos and I share our interest in the state of the Mediterranean environment and I hope that he will be able to develop this and his other interests as he would have done without the tragic changes in his childhood.

Abbreviations

BAT	Best Available Technology
CAMP	Coastal Area Management Programme
CFCs	Chlorofluorocarbons
CLRTAP	Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
CO2	Carbon dioxide
CSCE	Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
DDT	Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane
EC	European Community
EMEP	European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
EU	European Union
GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IIASA	International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IR	International Relations
LBS	Land-based sources
LCP	Large combustion plant
MAP	Mediterranean Action Plan
Marpol	International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
MEDPOL	Scientific component of the Mediterranean Action Plan
NGO	Non-governmental organisation
NOx	Nitrogen oxide
OECD	Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PAP	Priority Action Programme

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