Colleen Woods - Freedom Incorporated: Anticommunism and Philippine Independence in the Age of Decolonization
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- Book:Freedom Incorporated: Anticommunism and Philippine Independence in the Age of Decolonization
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Freedom Incorporated: Anticommunism and Philippine Independence in the Age of Decolonization: summary, description and annotation
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Freedom Incorporated demonstrates how anticommunist political projects were critical to the United States expanding imperial power in the age of decolonization, and how anticommunism was essential to the growing global economy of imperial violence in the Cold War era.
In this broad historical account, Colleen Woods demonstrates how, in the mid-twentieth century Philippines, US policymakers and Filipino elites promoted the islands as a model colony. In the wake of World War II, as the decolonization movement strengthened, those same political actors pivoted and, after Philippine independence in 1946, lauded the archipelago as a successful postcolonial democracy. Officials at Malacaang Palace and the White House touted the 1946 signing of the liberating Treaty of Manila as a testament to the US commitment to the liberation of colonized people and celebrated it under the moniker of PhilippineAmerican Friendship Day. Despite elite propaganda, from the early 1930s to late 1950s, radical movements in the Philippines highlighted US hegemony over the new Republic of the Philippines and, in so doing, threatened American efforts to separate the US from sordid histories of empire, imperialism, and the colonial racial order.
Woods finds that in order to justify US intervention in an ostensibly independent Philippine nation, anticommunist Filipinos and their American allies transformed local political struggles in the Philippines into sites of resistance against global communist revolution. By linking political struggles over local resources, like the Hukbalahap Rebellion in central Luzon, to a war against communism, American and Filipino anticommunists legitimized the use of violence as a means to capture and contain alternative forms of political, economic, and social organization. Placing the post-World War II history of anticommunism in the Philippines within a larger imperial framework, in Freedom Incorporated Woods illustrates how American and Filipino intelligence agents, military officials, paramilitaries, state bureaucrats, academics, and entrepreneurs mobilized anticommunist politics to contain challenges to elite rule in the Philippines.
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Freedom Incorporated
Anticommunism and Philippine Independence in the Age of Decolonization
Colleen Woods
Cornell University Press
Ithaca and London
AAAIL | All-American Anti-Imperialist League |
AFL | American Federation of Labor |
AFP | Armed Forces of the Philippines |
AMCOMLIB | Liberation of the People of the USSR |
AWIL | Agricultural Workers Industrial League |
CCP | Chinese Communist Party |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
CIC | Counter Intelligence Corps |
CIG | Central Intelligence Group |
CLO | Congress of Labor Organizations |
COF | Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (Philippine Workers Union) |
Comintern | Communist International |
CPP | Communist Party of the Philippine |
CPPI | Communist Party of the Philippine Islands |
CPUSA | Communist Party of the United States of America |
CREST | CIA Records Search Tool |
CUFA | Committee on Un-Filipino Activities |
DA | Democratic Alliance |
DCI | Director of Central Intelligence, United States |
EDCOR | Economic Development Corps |
FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
FCP | Freedom Company Philippines |
FMACC | Foreign Military Assistance Coordinating Committee, United States |
FOA | Foreign Operations Administration |
FOIA | Freedom of Information Act |
FOR | Fellowship of Reconciliation |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
HMB | Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (Peoples Liberation Army) |
HUAC | House Un-American Activities Committee |
ICA | International Cooperation Administration |
IIA | International Information Administration |
ILD | International Labor Defense |
IPA | Institute of Public Administration (Philippines) |
JCS | Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Department of Defense |
JUSMAG | Joint U.S. Military Assistance Group |
KAP | Congress Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis sa Filipinas (Proletarian Labor Congress of the Philippines) |
KPMP | Kalipunang Pambasa ng mga Magsasaka sa Pilipinas (National Society of Philippine Peasants) |
LAI | League against Imperialism and for National Independence |
MAAG | Military Assistance Advisory Group |
MDAP | Mutual Defense Assistance Program |
MID | Military Intelligence Division, U.S. Army |
MPC | Military Police Command, Philippines |
MSA | Mutual Security Agency |
NAMFREL | National Citizens Movement for Free Elections |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NCFE | National Committee for a Free Europe |
NSC | National Security Council |
ONI | Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy |
OSS | Office of Strategic Services, United States |
PC | Philippine Constabulary |
PCLA | Philippine Chinese Laborers Association |
PIA | Philippine Information Agency |
PKM | Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (National Peasant Union) |
PKP | Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (Philippine Communist Party) |
Politburo | Political Bureau |
RG | Record Group (Archives II) |
RILU | Red International of Labor Unions |
SMM | Saigon Military Mission |
TUUL | Trade Union Unity League |
UdelTF | Unin el Trabajo de Filipinas (Workers Union of the Philippines) |
UNRRA | United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration |
UODF | Unin Obrera Democrtica Filipina (Democratic Workers Union of the Philippines) |
USAFFE | U.S. Army Forces in the Far East |
USAFIP | U.S. Army Forces in the Philippines (Guerrilla Group) |
USAID | U.S. Agency for International Development |
USIA | U.S. Information Agency |
USIS | U.S. Information Service |
USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
UTF | Unin de Tabaqueros de Filipinas (Tobbaco Workers Union) |
WFTU | World Federation of Trade Unions |
WILPF | Womens International League for Peace and Freedom |
WWI | World War I |
WWII | World War II |
On July 4, 1946, in Manilas Luneta Park, a crowd of thousands gathered to witness the end of nearly a half century of U.S. colonial rule in the Philippines. Neither the sudden onset of a tropical rainstorm nor the absence of U.S. president Harry S. Trumanwho would relinquish U.S. sovereignty over the territory and people of the Philippines from Washington, DCwould dampen the days ceremonies. As a U.S. Army band played The Star-Spangled Banner, Paul V. McNutt, the last U.S. high commissioner, lowered the American flag while Philippine president Manuel Roxas raised the red, white, blue, and yellow flag of the Philippines over the Rizal monument.
The monument to Rizal had been constructed in 19081913 by a U.S. colonial state eager to cast the national hero in a starring role in the Philippines developing nationalism, a process that would reach its end point thanks to U.S. benevolence. During the July 4 celebration, Americans and Filipinos projected an image of independence they wanted the world to see, created by the anti-imperial, global power of the United States.
The layers of colonial history on display at the Philippine Independence Day celebration were not simply about how the colonial past would be remembered in the Philippines or in the United States. Indeed, during Trumans recorded addressbroadcast in the Philippines as well as in twenty-five other countries around the globethe U.S. president claimed that the United States great experiment in Pacific democracy had chartered a pattern of relationships for all the world to study.
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