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Christopher J. Cleal - Plant Fossils: The History of Land Vegetation (Fossils Illustrated)

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Plants have played a central role in the evolution of life on Earth and the colonisation of land, to the extent that without them we would not exist, yet even to scientists the history of land vegetation and plant fossils is not well-known. This book describes plants origins and development, illustrated with a unique selection of plant portraits, many of which have never been seen before. The fossil record shows that plants first `invaded the land some 400 or more million years ago, as tiny leafless stems which only grew upright for a few centimeters and were restricted to lowlying, waterlogged habitats; from these unpromising beginnings, the whole of Earths flora has evolved. Each of the major groups of plants is described in general order of appearance in the records, from the first giant clubmosses, horsetails and ferns, which contributed so much to the developing forests, through the seed plants to the angiosperms, the flowering plants, which dominate the landscapes of today. The authors conclude the book with an account of the scientists who have contributed to the development of the story, and hazard some predictions about the directions which future research may take.CHRISTOPHER J. CLEALis Head of the Vegetational History Section at the National Museum and Gallery of Wales at Cardiff; BARRY A. THOMASholds a personal chair in the Department of Geography at Lampeter. They have made lifetime studies of ancient flora.

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title Plant Fossils The History of Land Vegetation Fossils Illustrated - photo 1

title:Plant Fossils : The History of Land Vegetation Fossils Illustrated, 0960-8664 ; V. 3
author:Cleal, Christopher J.; Thomas, Barry A.
publisher:Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
isbn10 | asin:0851156843
print isbn13:9780851156842
ebook isbn13:9780585213866
language:English
subjectPaleobotany, Plants, Fossil.
publication date:1999
lcc:QE905.C55 1999eb
ddc:561
subject:Paleobotany, Plants, Fossil.
Page i
FOSSILS ILLUSTRATED
Volume 3
Plant Fossils
Page ii
FOSSILS ILLUSTRATED
ISSN 0960-0014
Series Editors
Douglas Palmer and Barrie Rickards
Volume 1
GRAPTOLITES: WRITING IN THE ROCKS
edited by
Douglas Palmer and Barrie Rickards
Volume 2
TRILOBITES
H. B. Whittington
Page iii
PLANT FOSSILS
THE HISTORY OF LAND VEGETATION
CHRISTOPHER J. CLEAL
BARRY A. THOMAS
THE BOYDELL PRESS
Page iv
Disclaimer:
Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook.
Disclaimer:
This book contains characters with diacritics. When the characters can be represented using the ISO 8859-1 character set ( http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif ), netLibrary will represent them as they appear in the original text, and most computers will be able to show the full characters correctly. In order to keep the text searchable and readable on most computers, characters with diacritics that are not part of the ISO 8859-1 list will be represented without their diacritical marks.
Christopher J. Cleal and Barry A. Thomas 1999
All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner
First published 1999
The Boydell Press, Woodbridge
ISBN 0 85115 684 3
The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd
PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK
and of Boydell & Brewer Inc.
PO Box 41026, Rochester, NY 14604-0016, USA
website: http://www.boydell.co.uk
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cleal, Christopher J.
Plant fossils: the history of land vegetation / Christopher J.
Cleal, Barry A. Thomas.
p. cm. - (Fossils illustrated, ISSN 0960-0014; v. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-00115-001-3 (alk. paper)
1. Paleobotany. 2. Plants, Fossil. I. Thomas, Barry A.
II. Title. III. Series.
QE905.C55 1999
561-dc21 99-00137
This publication is printed on acid-free paper
Printed in Great Britain by
St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
Page v
Contents
General Editor's Preface
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Chapter One
Introduction
1
Chapter Two
Early land plants
11
Chapter Three
Club-mosses
27
Chapter Four
Horsetails
40
Chapter Five
Ferns
50
Chapter Six
Early seed plants
62
Chapter Seven
Modern seed plants
82
Chapter Eight
Flowering plants
98
Chapter Nine
History of land vegetation
108
Chapter Ten
Highlights of palaeobotanical study
120
Appendix 1
Classification of vascular plants
138
Appendix 2
Further reading
147
Explanations of Plates 1-128
156
Index
181
Plates
189

Page vii
General Editor's Preface
Without plants, life on Earth, as we know it, would not exist. Plants have played a central role in the evolution of life and the colonisation of land. And yet the fossil history of plants is not well known, even to many scientists, beyond a general knowledge that coal is formed of fossil plant material. The evolution of the Earth's flora has had its vicissitudes just as much as that of the fauna. New groups of plants have come and gone, there have been radiations and extinctions.
Overall there has been a major change in the domination of plant life from the evolution of primitive vascular plants some 400 million years ago. These first land plants were tiny leafless stems which only grew upright for a few centimeters and were restricted to lowlying waterlogged habitats. Cleal and Thomas tell the remarkable story of how, from these unpromising beginnings, the whole of Earth's flora has evolved. Each of the major groups of plants is described in general order of appearance in the record. The history develops through the first giant club-mosses, horsetails and ferns, which contributed so much to the first forests on Earth and the economically famous coal deposits of Carboniferous times. By the time the dinosaurs took over, in the Mesozoic Era, landscapes were dominated by coniferophytes and pteridophytes. In turn these were displaced as the angiosperms and large plant eating mammals finally burst into dominance in the Tertiary some 60 million years ago.
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