Allan M. Williams - The Geography of Iron and Steel

The Geography of Iron and Steel — read online for free the complete book (whole text) full work

Below is the text of the book, divided by pages. System saving the place of the last page read, allows you to conveniently read the book "The Geography of Iron and Steel" online for free, without having to search again every time where you left off. Put a bookmark, and you can go to the page where you finished reading at any time.

Light

Font size:

↓

↑

Georgia Tahoma Arial Verdana

Reset

Interval:

↓

↑

Bookmark:

Make

1234567...49

ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Volume 8

THE GEOGRAPHY OF IRON AND STEEL

THE GEOGRAPHY OF IRON AND STEEL

NORMAN J. G. POUNDS

First published in 1959
Second revised edition 1963
Third revised edition 1966
Fourth revised edition 1968

This edition first published in 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1959, 1963 and 1966 Norman J. G. Pounds

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-85764-3 (Set)
eISBN: 978-1-315-71580-3 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-86051-3 (Volume 8)
eISBN: 978-1-315-71642-8 (Volume 8)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF IRON AND STEEL

Norman J. G. Pounds

HUTCHINSON & CO (Publishers) LTD
178202 Great Portland Street, London W1

London Melbourne Sydney
Auckland Bombay Toronto
Johannesburg New York

First published 1959
Second (revised) edition 1963
Third (revised) edition 1966
Fourth (revised) edition 1968

The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser

Norman J. G. Pounds 1959, 1963 and 1966

This book has been set in Times, printed in Great Britain on Smooth Wove paper by Anchor Press, and bound by Wm. Brendon, both of Tiptree, Essex
09 051001 1 (cased)
09 051002 X (paper)

CONTENTS

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

To the list of those who in many ways have helped him in preparing the second edition of this book, the author wishes to add Professor Robert N. Taaffe who has read critically the material on the Soviet Union and made many more suggestions than could, for reasons of space, be included.

N. J. G. P.

Indiana University

This is a very small book about a very large subject. Much has been condensed and more has had to be omitted. From among many possible lines of approach, the author has deliberately chosen the historical, seeing in the present pattern of industry a kind of palimpsest, made up of the sequent patterns drawn over a period of several centuries. Each of these geographical patterns springs from the needs, the scientific knowledge and the technology of its own day and age. Each has continued to exist, in some shape or form, after the forces which created it had disappeared. Hence, in this book, there is an emphasis on the history of the technology of iron and steel.

The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor Thomas R. Smith of the University of Kansas for his most critical and helpful reading of the text, and to the following who at some stage read the manuscript, in part or in whole, and made suggestions and corrections:

Professor S. Earl Brown of Ohio State University, Professor W. Gordon East, Mr Leonard B. Tennyson and his colleagues of the European Coal and Steel Community, Mr James K. Welsh and Mrs Joan Wilson Miller; also to Mr D. R. Baker who drew the maps.

NORMAN J. G. POUNDS

Kansas University
March, 1959

FIG. 1. Iron-ore deposits of the world with amount of probable reserves

(Based primarily on World Iron Resources and their Utilization, U.N., 1950, and Survey of World Iron Ore Resources, U.N., 1955)

FIG. 2. Iron and steel works of the world

(Based on Iron and Steel Works of the World, ed. H. G. Cordero)

EARLY in the second millennium before Christ the process of smelting iron was discovered. The discovery was made in the Middle East, but by what combination of accident and intuition we do not know. Knowledge of the process spread slowly, first to Egypt and then to the Aegean, where, even in Homeric times, iron was regarded as a rare metal and weapons were made of brightly shining copper.1 The use of iron reached the basin of the Upper Danube by about 900 B.C., and from this area it was carried by the migrating Celts westwards into France and the Iberian peninsula, and north-westwards across Germany to the British Isles.

Iron-ore is one of the most widely distributed of the metallic minerals. Primitive man must on countless occasions have built his hearth of lumps of iron-bearing rock, and sooner or later he was bound unwittingly to achieve the conditions under which the ore could be reduced to an impure metal. The ore consists of metallic iron in chemical combination with varying quantities of oxygen, carbon and sulphur. Other substances, especially phosphorus and manganese, may also be present in the ore and influence, adversely or otherwise, the quality of the metal that may be obtained from it.

Some constituents of the ore can be driven off by the simple process of heating, but the removal of others can be achieved only by their chemical combination with oxygen or carbon. Yet others have defied the skill and ingenuity of the iron-worker, and continue to plague the modern metallurgist.

Pure iron melts at the temperature of 1537C, but long before this temperature is reached the metal becomes a pasty mass that can be kneaded and shaped by means of a metal rod. Molten iron is capable of dissolving carbon, which in turn has the effect of lowering the melting point of the iron. Indeed, the melting point of the iron can be brought down to 1130 if it can be made to dissolve sufficient carbon.

Such temperatures as these were unlikely to be achieved by primitive man. In fact, it is improbable that a really fluid iron was regularly created before the invention of the blast-furnace in the later Middle Ages. The possibility cannot be discounted, however, that occasionally, even before this, unusually favourable circumstances may have allowed the iron to fuse completely. Indeed, the evidence, both literary and archaeological, compels one to this belief. But it remains generally true that, before the fifteenth century, iron was obtained in Europe as a pasty lump that could be shaped by hammering, not as a liquid that could be run into a mould.

Next page

1234567...49

Light

Font size:

↓

↑

Georgia Tahoma Arial Verdana

Reset

Interval:

↓

↑

Bookmark:

Make

Similar books «The Geography of Iron and Steel»

Look at similar books to The Geography of Iron and Steel. We have selected literature similar in name and meaning in the hope of providing readers with more options to find new, interesting, not yet read works.

Ehab Ellobody

Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges

Stanley Henderson

Barrow Steelworks: An Illustrated History of the Haematite Steel Company

Kenneth J. Kobus

City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World’s Steelmaking Capital during the Carnegie Era

Jun Ma

Growth Mechanisms and Sustainability: Economic Analysis of the Steel Industry in East Asia

Cătălin Nicolae Popa (editor)

Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to Identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe Into the Debate

Poremba

Detroit: city of industry

Goebeler Hans

Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: the Wartime Saga of Hans Goebeler and U-505

Vaclav Smil

Still the Iron Age: Iron and Steel in the Modern World

Dale Richard Perelman

Road to Rust: The Disintegration of the Steel Industry in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio

Brooke C. Stoddard

Steel: From Mine to Mill, the Metal that Made America

Perelman

Steel: The Story of Pittsburghs Iron and Steel Industry 1852 - 1902

Dave Draper

Brother Iron, Sister Steel: A Bodybuilders Book

Discussion, reviews of the book The Geography of Iron and Steel and just readers' own opinions. Leave your comments, write what you think about the work, its meaning or the main characters. Specify what exactly you liked and what you didn't like, and why you think so.