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McNeill John Robert - Mining North America: an environmental history since 1522

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McNeill John Robert Mining North America: an environmental history since 1522
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Introduction: Of mines, minerals, and North American environmental history / George Vrtis and J.R. McNeill -- Capitalist Transformations. Exhausting the Sierra Madre : mining ecologies in Mexico over the Longue Dure / Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert -- Reconstructing the environmental history of colonial mining : the Real del Catorce Mining District, northeastern New Spain/Mexico, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries / Antonio Avalos-Lozano and Miguel Aguilar-Robledo -- Industrial Catalysts. A world of mines and mills : precious-metals mining, industrialization, and the nature of the Colorado Front Range / George Vrtis -- Consequences of the Comstock : the remaking of working environments on Americas largest silver strike, 1859-1880 / Robert N. Chester III -- Dust to dust : the Colorado coal mine explosion crisis of 1910 / Thomas G. Andrews -- Copper and longhorns : material and human power in Montanas smelter smoke war, 1860-1910 / Timothy James LeCain -- Efficiency, economics, and environmentalism : low-grade iron ore mining in the Lake Superior District, 1913-2010 / Jeffrey T. Manuel -- Health and Environmental Justice. Mining the atom : uranium in the twentieth-century American West / Eric Mogren -- A comparative case study of uranium mine and mill tailings regulation in Canada and the United States / Robynne Mellor -- The Giant Mines long shadow : arsenic pollution and Native people in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories / John Sandlos and Arn Keeling -- Iron mines, toxicity, and indigenous communities in the Lake Superior basin / Nancy Langston -- If the rivers ran south : tar sands and the state of the Canadian nation / Steven M. Hoffman -- Quebec asbestos : triumph and collapse, 1879-1983 / Jessica van Horssen -- Afterword: Mining, memory, and history / Andrew C. Isenberg.;Over the past five hundred years, North Americans have increasingly turned to mining to produce many of their basic social and cultural objects. From cell phones to cars and roadways, metal pots to wall tile and even talcum powder, minerals products have become central to modern North American life. As this process has unfolded, mining has also indelibly shaped the natural world and North Americans relationship with it. Mountains have been honeycombed, rivers poisoned, and forests leveled. The effects of these environmental transformations have fallen unevenly across North American societies. Mining North America examines these developments. Drawing on the work of scholars from Mexico, the United States, and Canada, this book explores how mining has shaped North America over the last half millennium. It covers an array of minerals and geographies while seeking to draw mining into the core debates that animate North American environmental history generally. Taken together, the authors contributions make a powerful case for the centrality of mining in forging North American environments and societies--Provided by publisher.

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Mining North America Mining North America An Environmental History since 1522 - photo 1
Mining North America
Mining North America
An Environmental History since 1522

EDITED BY

J.R. McNeill and George Vrtis

Picture 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press

Oakland, California

2017 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: McNeill, John Robert, editor. | Vrtis, George, editor.

Title: Mining North America : an environmental history since 1522 / edited by J.R. McNeill and George Vrtis.

Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016055852 (print) | LCCN 2016057573 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520279162 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520279179 (pbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780520966536 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH : Mineral industriesEnvironmental aspectsNorth AmericaHistory.

Classification: LCC HD 9506. A 2 M 5453 2017 (print) | LCC HD 9506. A 2 (ebook) | DDC 338.2097dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055852

Manufactured in the United States of America

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

George Vrtis and J.R. McNeill

Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert

Antonio Avalos-Lozano and Miguel Aguilar-Robledo

George Vrtis

Robert N. Chester III

Thomas G. Andrews

Timothy James LeCain

Jeffrey T. Manuel

Eric Mogren

Robynne Mellor

John Sandlos and Arn Keeling

Nancy Langston

Steven M. Hoffman

Jessica van Horssen

Andrew C. Isenberg

Illustrations
FIGURES

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3.3.

10.1.

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12.1.

TABLE

3.1.

Acknowledgments

The idea for this book emerged during a workshop titled History Underground: Environmental Perspectives on Mining, held at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society in Munich, Germany, during the summer of 2011. The goal of that workshop was to take stock of the global environmental history of mining, and so for three days participants presented papers that took us to four continents and deep into the past. Five of the essays in this volume were first presented at that workshop, and so we wish to thank the Rachel Carson Center and its directors, Christof Mauch and Helmuth Tricschler, for their generous support of the workshop, as well as Frank Uektter, Donald Worster, and Bernd Grewe, all of whom served as session chairs and contributed valuable insights throughout the workshop.

We are also grateful to several other organizations for supporting this book. Our home institutionsGeorgetown University and Carleton Collegecontributed funds for maps and the index and provided congenial homes in which to work. The University of California Press offered enthusiasm for the book that never wavered, despite its gestation taking longer than any of us wished. We are especially grateful to Niels Hooper, our editor at the press, for his encouragement and patience. Thanks also to Bradley Depew, who guided the book through all phases of assembling the manuscript, reviewing the artwork, designing the cover, and moving the book into production. In addition, we wish to express our gratitude to Steven Baker, who did a superb job copyediting the book and enhancing the clarity of our prose.

We also wish to thank our authors for joining this effort to unearth the environmental history of mining in North America. Each has made a unique contribution to this book, and the volume would be the weaker without any one of them. We particularly wish to single out Steven Hoffman, our wonderful and perceptive colleague from the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota, who contributed the essay on the mining of Albertas tar sands. Sadly, Steven passed away in 2015 before the book was completed. We are grateful to his sister Mary Lammert for giving us permission to publish his essay.

Lastly, to our familiesJulie, Will, Patrick, Jesse, and Kat; and Anne, Meadow, and Henryour heartfelt thanks for supporting us during the long journey this book required.

Introduction
Of Mines, Minerals, and North American Environmental History

GEORGE VRTIS AND J.R. MCNEILL

Modern North America is a world built of minerals. Buildings, transportation networks, communication systems, waterworks, machinery, and appliances of every kindall of these depend on minerals clawed from beneath the earths surface. A modern American automobile now contains at least thirty-nine different minerals, everything from aluminum and bauxite to tungsten and zinc. Computers and smartphones can contain even more, including precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum, as well as rare earth elements such as europium and yttrium that provide color for their liquid-crystal displays.

Modern North America also depends on its vast array of minerals in staggering quantities. Today, a common American automobile contains more than a ton of iron ore hardened into steel, 240 pounds of aluminum, 42 pounds of copper, and 41 pounds of silicon. Comparable figures are likely for the Canadian and Mexican experiences.

These are dizzying figures, but together they begin to illustrate the importance of mineralsand thus mining in forging modern life in North America. Although indigenous peoples have dug into the earth for useful and treasured materials across the continent for thousands of years, the advent of the industrial age marked a new relationship among North American societies, minerals, and mines that eventually remade those societies and the natural world in fundamental ways. As minerals moved from the periphery to the core of economic production, they reordered whole economies, reshaped deep-seated cultural and social patterns, redirected scientific and technological initiatives, redistributed military and economic might, refocused political power and international relations, and recast the health and fortunes of local communities and entire regions. These same dynamics also reverberated through the environment, influencing North American ecological communities and physical processes on a scale that rivaled anything in the continents thirteen or fourteen millennia of human experience. From Canada to Mexico, mining has honeycombed vast portions of the continent, leveled old mountains and created new ones, fashioned massive open-pit wastelands and buried entire valleys in waste rock. It has also denuded forests, accelerated soil erosion, imperiled wildlife populations, polluted water and air with all sorts of chemical wastes, and created some of North Americas most troubling and enduring environmental problems. Indeed, as even a cursory examination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Superfund National Priorities List reveals, mining sites litter the listing, and the two sites with the highest hazard ranking scores are both tied to mining.

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