Asian Development Bank - Energy Storage in Grids With High Penetration of Variable Generation

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ENERGY STORAGE IN GRIDS WITH HIGH PENETRATION OF VARIABLE GENERATION

FEBRUARY 2017

Pramod Jain

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

2017 Asian Development Bank

6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines

Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444

www.adb.org

Some rights reserved. Published in 2017.

Printed in the Philippines.

ISBN 978-92-9257-725-4 (Print), 978-92-9257-726-1 (e-ISBN)

Publication Stock No.TCS178669

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS178669

Cataloging-In-Publication Data

Asian Development Bank.

Energy storage in grids with high penetration of variable generation.

Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2017.

1. Energy storage.2. Renewable energy.3. Grid stability.I. Asian Development Bank.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.

ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license.

This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.

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Notes:

In this publication, $ refers to US dollars.

Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda

Tables and Figures

Tables

1.1 Storage Technologies and their Duration, Maturity, and Applications

2.1 Impact of Integration of Renewable Energy in Grid and Solutions that Storage Provides

6.1 Cost and Performance Data of Storage

7.1 Components of Benefits of Energy Storage

A.1 Examples of Grid-Based Energy Storage Applications

Figures

1.1 Classification of Storage Based on Technologies

1.2 Positioning of Energy Storage Technologies with Respect to Discharge Time, Application, and Power Rating

1.3 Comparison of Technology Maturity

1.4 Lazard Estimates for Levelized Cost of Energy Storage

3.1 Grid Energy Storage Services

4.1 Overview on Battery Energy Storage System Components

B.1 Schematic of Full Power Conversion Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor-Based Inverters

Acknowledgments

Several individuals have assisted the author in terms of seeding the idea, approving the work on the report, reviewing the report, and above all, providing constructive criticism. Aiming Zhou, senior energy specialist, Energy Division of South Asia Regional Department (SAEN) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the writing of this report, reviewed an early draft, and provided overall guidance. Priyantha Wijayatunga, principal energy specialist, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department provided valuable insights and led the effort to convert this report into an ADB publication.

Executive Summary

Grid-level energy storage is likely to dominate the conversation in the power industry in the coming years, just like renewable energy dominated the conversation in the past 2 decades. The drivers for grid-level energy storage are rapidly decreasing cost of energy storage, and the multitude of benefits provided by energy storage to the grid in general and to grids with high penetration of renewable energy in particular.

The rapid decrease in cost is primarily driven by rapid innovation and scale in the electric vehicle market. Currently, a large amount of investment is being channeled into energy storage for such applications. This has led to rapid innovation in terms of use of cheaper raw materials, longer-life, safer operations, and better control. It has also led to large-scale production facilities (gigawatt factories) for energy storage, which promises to achieve reduction in costs similar to those seen in solar photovoltaic industry.

The focus of this report is on energy storage for the power grid in support of larger penetration of renewable energy. The emphasis is on energy storage and associated power electronics that are deployed in the grid in order to support utility scale renewable energy projects (wind and solar) by providing services like frequency support, voltage support, ramping support, peak-shaving, load-shifting, transmission deferral, and others. The following applications of energy storage are important, but are beyond the scope of this report: residential, commercial or industrial behind-the-meter energy storage. Although most of the content in the report is applicable to the benefits of energy storage deployment in grids with minimal or no renewable energy penetration, that is not the focus of the report; instead, the focus is on grids that have or will soon have high renewable energy penetration.

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