Kevin Lane - The Inca

c. 13500 BC

First humans in the Americas

c. 12500 BC

First human occupation of South America Monteverde, Chile

c. 11000 BC

Human colonization of the Andean mountain range

c. 8000 BC

First plant domestication in South America, among them cotton and gourd for use in nets and floats for fishing

c. 4700 BC

Oldest domesticated maize in the Central Andes

c. 45003150 BC

Domestication of tubers, quinoa and lupine

c. 3500 BC

Camelid domestication in the Central Andes, possibly alpaca first, and then llama

30001800 BC

Late Preceramic Period or Initial Period cultural effervescence on the coast (Norte Chico) and the highlands (Kotosh Religious Tradition) based on fishing, early farming and herding

1200200 BC

Early Horizon rise of Chavn and related culture (Paracas, Cupisnique)

200 BCAD 600

Early Intermediate Period emergence of early state societies (Moche) and regional polities, including Nazca, Cajamarca and Recuay

AD 6001000

Middle Horizon first Andean empires, Wari and Tiahuanaco

AD 11001450

Late Intermediate Period rise of coastal kingdoms (seorios) including Chimor and Ichma, and Balkanization of the highlands into many small chiefdoms (curazgazos)

1250450

Increase in defended hilltop settlements (pucaras) in the highlands

10001200

Pre-Inca Killke phase in the Cuzco region

1200400

Early Inca Period in the Cuzco region

14001532

Expansion, consolidation and collapse of the Inca Empire

1450532

Late Horizon apogee of the Inca Empire

1438

Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui becomes ninth sapa Inca (Rowe Chronology RC); AD 1400 (Means Chronology MC). Expands Inca Empire to northern Peru and Ecuador (Chinchaysuyu) together with generals and his heir, Topa Inca Yupanqui

1471

Death of Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. Topa Inca Yupanqui becomes tenth sapa Inca (RC), AD 1448 (MC). Topa Inca Yupanqui consolidates imperial gains in the Collasuyu and Chinchaysuyu, and expands empire towards the eastern Antisuyu

1493

Death of Topa Inca Yupanqui. Huayna Cpac becomes eleventh sapa Inca (RC), AD 1482 (MC). Imperial consolidator, launches small-scale expansions into the eastern Antisuyu and north in the Chinchaysuyu towards present-day Colombia

15245

First smallpox epidemic in the Andes

1525

Death of Huayna Cpac. His designated heir, Ninan Cuyuchi, also dies, and another son, Huascar, becomes twelfth sapa Inca

152932

Inca Civil War between Huascar and Atahualpa

15321615

Early Spanish colonial period 1615 coincides with Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayalas Nueva cornica y buen gobierno apologia to King Philip III of Spain

1532

Huascar defeated in battle, Atahualpa becomes thirteenth sapa Inca. Huascar is executed on Atahualpas orders. Francisco Pizarro lands in northern Peru and proceeds to Cajamarca, captures Atahualpa

1533

Atahualpa is executed on Francisco Pizarros orders; Tpac Hualpa becomes first Spanish puppet Inca and dies (probably poisoned by other Inca rivals) while journeying with the Spanish to Cuzco with the Spanish. Manco Inca becomes second Spanish puppet Inca

1535

Diego de Almagro sets out with Paullu Inca on a military fact-finding expedition to the Collasuyu. Manco Inca rebels against the Spanish, besieges Lima and Cuzco

15367

End of the First Rebellion by Manco Inca, neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba established

1537

Paullu Inca christened Cristbal, becomes third Spanish puppet Inca

15379

Second Rebellion by Manco Inca, retreat to Vilcabamba

1544

Manco Inca is assassinated by Spanish rebels in Vilcabamba. His son, Sayri Tpac, becomes second Vilcabamba sapa Inca

1545

Silver found at Potosi

1549

Cristbal Paullu Inca dies, last Spanish puppet Inca in Cuzco

1557

Sayri Tpac leaves Vilcabamba to live in Cuzco

1559

Mercury found at Huancavelica

1560

Sayri Tpac dies in Cuzco. Titu Cusi Yupanqui becomes third Vilcabamba sapa Inca