Joel Best - Troubling Children: Studies of Children and Social Problems
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Increasingly, sociologists have turned their attention to the social problems of children in particular, of younger children. This collection reflects those recent interest. While most researchers have focused on social problems involving adolescents, this volume offers instead original case studies of problems concerning preadolescent children.The papers that Best has gathered here represent different theoretical and methodological approaches. They report on social issues in Albania, Kenya, and Japan as well as in the United States. The range of social problems they address is a wide one, from broad societal crises to decision-making within families. Topics include the effects of economic and social crises in Africa and Eastern Europe; concerns about crack use and other forms of fetal endangerment; parental decisions about spanking, toy choices, and letting children listen to rock music; schooling in day care and elementary and junior high schools; and childrens perceptions of environmental crises.Troubling Children adds a new dimension to courses in social problems. It also offers a different set of perspectives for those concerned with sociology of preadolescent children and their discontents.
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Joel Best
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SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL ISSUES
An Aldine de Gruyter Series of Texts and Monographs
SERIES EDITOR
Joel Best
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Joel Best (editor), Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems
Joel Best (editor), Troubling Children: Studies of Childrenand Social Problems
James A. Holstein, Court-Ordered Insanity: Interpretive Practice and Involuntary Commitment
James A. Holstein and Gale Miller (editors), Reconsidering Social Constructionism: Debatesin Social Problems Theory
Gale Miller and James A. Holstein (editors), Constructionist Controversies: Issues in Social Problems Theory
Philip Jenkins, Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain
Philip Jenkins, Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide
Valerie Jenness, Making It Work: The Prostitutes' Rights Movement in Perspective
Stuart A. Kirk and Herb Kutchins, The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry
Bruce Luske, Mirrors of Madness: Patrolling the Psychic Border
Leslie Margolin, Goodness Personified: The Emergence of Gifted Children
William B. Sanders, Gangbangs and Drivebys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence
Wilbur J. Scott, The Politics of Readjustment: Vietnam Veterans since the War
Wilbur J. Scott and Sandra Carson Stanley (editors) Gays and Lesbians in the Military: Issues, Concerns, and Contrasts
Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems
TROUBLING CHILDREN
TROUBLING CHILDREN
Studies of Children and Social Problems
JOEL BEST
Editor
About the Editor
Joel Best is Professor and Chair of Sociology at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Dr. Best is the editor of Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, and coeditor of the Satanism Scare (both Aldine de Gruyter). He is the author of numerous journal articles specializing in social problems and deviance.
First published 1994 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is animprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1994 by Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Troubling children : studies of children and social problems / Joel
Best, editor.
p. cm. (Social problems and social issues)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-202-30491-4 (alk. paper). ISBN 0-202-30492-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. ChildrenSocial conditions. 2. Social problems. I. Best, Joel. II. Series.
HQ767.9.T76 1994
| 305.23dc20 | 93-50052 |
| CIP |
ISBN 13: 978-0-202-30492-2 (pbk)
Contents
Joel Best
York W. Bradshaw, Claudia Buchmann, and Paul N. Mbatia
Marion Kloep
Carol Brooks Gardner
Jacquelyn Litt and Maureen McNeil
Shan Nelson-Rowe
Phillip W. Davis
Joseph A. Kotarba
Donileen R. Loseke and Spencer E. Cahill
Atsushi Yamazaki
Donna Lee King
Part I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Troubling Children: Children and Social Problems
Troubling Children: Children and Social Problems
Joel Best
Children make up about one-quarter of the U.S. population. This apparently simple statement contains an implicit definition: A child is anyone under 18 years of age. Different definitions would produce different statistics: In 1990, about 29 percent of the U.S. population was under age 20, 22 percent under 15, and 15 percent under 10 years of age (U.N. Department of Economic and Social Development 1992).
Because most Third World countries have higher birth rates and higher death rates than Western, industrialized countries like the United States, children account for a much larger proportion of Third World populations. For instance, recent statistics from three African countriesthe Congo, Mali, and Cameroonput the proportion of their populations under 20 at 55 to 56 percent, while 45 to 46 percent are under age 15, and 32 to 35 percent are under 10 years of age (U.N. Department of Economic and Social Development 1992). Obviously, regardless of how we define childhood, children represent a large share of the worlds population.
The simple fact that there are so many children might lead us to expect that there would be many sociological studies of children. We would be correctso long as we defined childhood broadly. There are thousands of sociological studies of young people, including such classics as The Unadjusted Girl (Thomas 1923), The Gang (Thrasher 1927), Elmstowns Youth (Hollingshead 1949), Delinquent Boys (A. Cohen 1955), and The Adolescent Society (Coleman 1961). But the great majority of these studies (including all of the classic titles just listed) deal with older childrenadolescents or teenagers. This emphasis on adolescents in sociologists discussions of children is not new; much of Francis J. Browns 1939 book, The Sociology of Childhood, concerns teenagers. Nor should the intense interest in adolescents surprise us. Far more than younger children, teenagers engage in deviant behaviors that trouble adults, behaviors such as delinquency, drinking, and drug use. Adolescence is when most young people enter the labor market, become sexually active, begin driving, and decide to drop out or stay in school. Teenagers choices are consequential; they set the direction for the youths adult lives. Naturally, adolescence has been the subject of intense sociological study.
In contrast, younger children have received remarkably little attention from sociologists, and most of that attention has focused on only two aspects of childhood, family life and education. Of course, families and schools are central institutions in most preadolescent childrens lives, but there is a tendency for sociologists studying these institutions to concentrate on their adult members (e.g., parents and teachers) rather than the children. There are probably more studies of how adults deal with children than of children themselves. By largely ignoring younger children, sociologists have virtually surrendered the study of those children to child psychologists, who concentrate on the individual, psychological processes that characterize childhood development, rather than focusing on children as social beings.
There are signs that sociologys neglect of younger children is ending. It is during childhood that we learn how to behave as members of society (Denzin 1977), and sociologists have begun to pay more attention to this process of socialization. Thus, studying childrens arguments offers a way of understanding how children learn to use language in their interactions with others (Maynard 1985); research on Little League baseball teams can help show how children develop group cultures (Fine 1987); and observations of boys and girls in school playgrounds reveal how children come to understand what it means to be male or female (Thorne 1993). Sociological interest in childhood is growing. In 1992, the American Sociological Association (ASA) formally acknowledged this interest, establishing a section for members interested in the sociology of children. The new section, which publishes a newsletter and organizes sessions for the ASAs annual meeting, will encourage more sociologists to conduct research on childhood.
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