Sergio Canavero - Textbook of Cortical Brain Stimulation Sciences

Sergio Canavero (Ed.)

Textbook of Cortical Brain Stimulation

Sergio Canavero (Ed.)

Managing Editor: Magdalena Wierzchowiecka

Language Editor: Brent Roberts

Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin
Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.

Copyright 2014 Sergio Canavero and contributors for chapters

ISBN: 978-3-11-041261-1
e-ISBN: 978-3-11-041262-8

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

Editor: Sergio Canavero
Managing Editor: Magdalena Wierzchowiecka
Language Editor: Brent Roberts

www.degruyteropen.com

Cover illustration: Sergio Canavero

To my children, Serena and Marco

I would like to see the day when somebody would be appointed surgeon somewhere who has no hands for the operative part is the least part of the work

Harvey Cushing

Anne Beuter

University of Bordeaux

Jeffrey E. Arle

Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA

Sharona Ben-Haim

Department of Neurosurgery, Ichan School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY,USA

Olivier Bodart

Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department, University of Lige and University Hospital of Lige, Lige, Belgium

Domenico Bosco

Department of Neurology, General Hospital San Giovanni di Dio, Crotone, Italy

Jeffrey A. Brown

Division of Neurosurgery, Mercy Medical Center, Rockville Centre, New York, USA

Intorduction

Sergio Canavero

Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group, Turin, Italy

Intorduction,

Miryam Carecchio

Department of Neurology, Amedeo Avogadro University, Novara, Italy

Roberto Cordella

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, MIlan, Italy

Sergio Dantas

Pain Clinic of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal- RN, Brazil

Dirk De Ridder

Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand

Marisa De Rose

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Germaneto, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy

Walter Fagundes-Pereyra

Department of Neurosurgery of University Hospital of the Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria-ES, Brazil

Angelo Franzini

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, MIlan, Italy

Giusy Guzzi

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Germaneto, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy

Sung Chan Jun

School of Information and Communication, Gwanju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)

Donghyeon Kim

School of Information and Communication, Gwanju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)

Hyoung-Ihl Kim

School of Mechatronics, Gwanju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) and Department of Neurosurgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

Brian Harris Kopell

Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience,Ichan School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY,USA

Berthold Langguth

Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Steven Laureys

Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department, University of Lige and University Hospital of Lige, Lige, Belgium

Angelo Lavano

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Germaneto, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy

Jean Pascal Lefaucheur

Service de Physiologie, Groupe Henri Mondor, Crteil, and Facult de Mdecine, Universit Paris Est Crteil, Crteil, France

Sara Marceglia

Centro Clinico per le Neuronanotecnologie e la Neurostimolazione, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Universit di Milano, Milan, Italy

Giuseppe Messina

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, MIlan, Italy

Jean Paul Nguyen

Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France

Alberto Priori

Centro Clinico per le Neuronanotecnologie e la Neurostimolazione, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Universit di Milano, Milan, Italy

Dirk Rasche

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lbeck, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lbeck, Lbeck, Germany

Michele Rizzi

Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", MIlan, Italy

Elena Rossi

Centro Clinico per le Neuronanotecnologie e la Neurostimolazione, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Universit di Milano, Milan, Italy

Hyeon Seo

School of Information and Communication, Gwanju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)

Jay L. Shils

Department of Neurosurgery, The Lahey Hospital and Health System, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

Jae-Jin Song

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head-and-Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Korea

Aurore Thibaut

Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department, University of Lige and University Hospital of Lige, Lige, Belgium

Volker M. Tronnier

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lu- beck, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany

Sven Vanneste

Laboratory for Auditory & Integrative Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at dallas, USA

Giorgio Volpentesta

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Germaneto, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy

Nanos, gigantium humeris insidentes

Implantable cortical stimulation (ICS) was officially introduced to medical practice in a 1991 publication by Prof. Tsubokawas group in Japan. Since then, hundreds of cases have been published (although the exact number cannot be extrapolated due to duplicate publications), spanning the whole field of functional neurosurgery: pain, movement disorders, psychiatry, epilepsy and neurorehabilitation, with an apparent acceleration over the past few years. The primary reason for investigating ICS, given the general success of deep brain stimulation (DBS), is three-fold: first, both patients and physicians are more comfortable considering surgery if the risk of a potentially lethal intracerebral hemorrhage and infection is eliminated: the bleeding risk for DBS is <2% (range: 0.2% - 9.5%) vs virtually 0% for extradural ICS. Second, the benefit in some conditions is significant and superior to DBS (e.g. central pain). Third, ICS appears to be more cost-effective than DBS surgery. Double blind evaluations of ICS effectiveness are possible because the stimulation is subthreshold for either sensory or motor discrimination: such studies consistently show efficacy only when the device is on. Yet, despite an extensive literature, ICS remains an unapproved modality worldwide. It is true that many questions regarding ICS remain unanswered, but the same conclusion applies to other forms of neurostimulation.