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Jacques Soustelle - Daily Life of the Aztecs

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Jacques Soustelle Daily Life of the Aztecs
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Vivid account of a profoundly religious warrior society from its most primitive days to the eve of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. Detailed accounts of life in a city-state, religious beliefs, public buildings and markets, home furnishings, family life, the conduct of war, language, music, much more. 39 illustrations, 2 maps.

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The Daily Life of THE AZTECS
ON THE EVE OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST

Jacques Soustelle Translated from the French by Patrick O'Brian

NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1962

-iii-

Librairie Hachette, 1955. Distribu par Presse-Avenir

English translation 1961 by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd

First published in France in 1955 under the title LA VIE QUOTIDIENNE DES AZTEQUES A LA VEILLE DE LA CONQUETE ESPAGNOLE

Printed in Great Britain

-iv-

'For as long as the world shall endure, the honour and the glory of Mexico-Tenochtitlan must never be forgotten.'

Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin

-v-

[This page intentionally left blank.]

-vi-


CONTENTS
Introduction
I THE CITY
Origin and situation -- Extent and population -
General appearance: roads and traffic -- Public
buildings, squares and market-places -- The prob
lems of a great city -- Tenochtitlan as a young
capital
II SOCIETY AND THE STATE AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CEN
TURY
The ruling class -- The rising class of traders -- The
craftsmen -- The common people -- The slaves -
Wealth and poverty: standards of living -- The
sovereign, the great dignitaries, the council
III THE WORLD, MAN AND TIME
A shifting, threatened world -- Heaven and earth -
Death and rebirth -- Destinies and signs -- An
imperial religion
IV A MEXICAN'S DAY
The house, furniture and garden -- Getting up,
washing and dressing, clothes -- Business, work,
ceremonies -- Meals -- Games and amusements -
The rhythm of day and night
V FROM BIRTH TO DEATH
Baptism -- Childhood and youth, education -- Mar
riage: family life -- Sickness and old age -- Death
and the hereafter

-vii-

VI WAR
The meaning of war -- Casus belli -- Chivalry -
Conduct of war -- Negotiations for peace
VII CIVILISED LIFE
Barbarism and civilisation -- Self-control, good
breeding, social order -- The arts as a setting for
life -- The arts of language, music and dancing
Appendix I The pronunciation of Aztec words
Appendix II The eighteen months and the rites
Notes
Maps
Bibliography
Index

-viii-

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 The legendary origin of Tenochtitlan, from the Codex Mendoza in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Photo: Bodleian Library, Oxford)
2 The temples of Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli at Tenochtitlan, from the Codex of 1576 in the British Museum (Photo: John Freeman)
3 Zapotec temple at Monte Alban, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
4 Reconstruction of Tenochtitlan as it was in 1519, from the drawing by Ignacio Marquina (Photo: Natural History Museum , New York)
5 Serpents' heads on the temple at Tenayuca, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
6 The Emperor Tizoc, from a stone monument in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
7 Head of an 'eagle knight', in the Museo Nacional, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
8 A 'jaguar knight' in combat with a sacrificial victim, from the Codex Magliabecciano in Florence (Photo: John Freeman )
9 Warriors attacking an island, from the Mixtec Codex Zouche-Nuttall in the British Museum (Photo: British Museum )
10 Grades of warriors and dignitaries, from the Codex Mendoza in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Photo: Bodlian Library, Oxford)
11 Priests lacerating themselves with knives, from a drawing in Ramirez' Indias de Nueva Espaa (Photo: John Freeman)

-ix-

12 Prisoner of war sacrificed to the god, from the Codex Florentino in Florence ( Bernadino de Sahagun's Historia de las cosas de Nueva Espaa)
13 Human sacrifice, from the Codex Magliabecciano in Florence (Photo: John Freeman)
14 Sacrificial knife with mosaic handle, in the British Museum (Photo: British Museum)
15 Huitzilopochtli, aided by the Emperor Motecuzoma, sacrificing to the sun, from a stone in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
16 The goddess Chalchiuhtlicue, statue in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
17 The god Tlaloc, statue in the Museum Fr Volkerkunde, Vienna (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
18 Ometecuhtli and Omeciuatl, from the Codex Borgia in the Vatican (Photo: John Freeman)
19 The god Xipe Totec, statue in the Museum Fr Volkerkunde, Basel (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
20 The god Quetzalcoatl, statue in the Museo Missionario Etnologico, Rome (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
21 The god Xochipilli, statue in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton , Munich)
22 Turquoise and obsidian encrusted skull, in the British Museum (Photo: British Museum)
23 Statue of a little dog accompanying the dead, Colima culture, from western Mexico
24 Calendar stone once on the main steps of the great temple at Tenochtitlan, in the Museo Nacional, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Anton, Munich)
25 Painting of a Tzitzimitl, from the Codex Magliabecciano in Florence (Photo: John Freeman)
26 Education among the Aztecs, from the Codex Mendoza in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Photo: Bodleian Library , Oxford)

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1.27 A wedding, from the Codex Mendoza in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Photo: Bodleian Oxford Library)
2.28 Midnight revels of warriors, from a drawing in Ramirez' Indias de Nueva Espana (Photo: John Freeman )
3.29 Carved wooden single drum, in the Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Historia, Mexico (Photo: Ferdinand Munich Anton )
4.30 A page of tribute records, from the Codex Mendoza in the Bodleian Library, Oxford
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