Mometrix California Teacher Certification Test Team - CTEL Exam Flashcard Study System: CTEL Test Practice Questions & Review for the California Teacher of English Learners Examination
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***Ace Your Exam and Get the Results You Deserve***
Taking the California Teacher of English Learners Examination is a challenge and your results can make a huge difference when it comes to your future. If you do well on the exam, it can open doors and lead to wonderful opportunities. If you do poorly on the exam, you will find yourself with fewer options. You may have to put your plans for the future on hold, or even give up on them altogether. Preparing for your exam with our CTEL Exam Flashcard Study System can help you avoid this fate and give you a big advantage when you take the test. Thousands of satisfied customers have relied on Mometrix Flashcards to help them pass their exams, and now you can too.
Mometrix Test Preparation is not affiliated with or endorsed by any official testing organization. All organizational and test names are trademarks of their respective owners.
When you study with Mometrix CTEL flashcards, youll get an in-depth review of each test section.
The Language Structure and Use section includes:
- Morphology
- Phonology
- Pragmatics
The Additive-Language Development section includes:
- Factors Affecting Language Development
- Language Development Theories and Stages
The Assessment of English Learners section includes:
- Assessment
- Classroom Resources
- Effective Instructional Delivery
- Instructional Planning and Organization
The Foundations of English Language/Literacy Development and Content Instruction section includes:
- History of English Language Programs
- Promoting Language Acquisition and Literacy
The Methods for English Language Development and Content Instruction section includes:
- Teaching Listening and Speaking
- Teaching Reading and Writing
The Culture and Cultural Diversity section includes:
- Cultural Concepts and Perspectives
- Diversity and Cross-Cultural Interaction
- Family and Community Involvement
- Inclusive and Safe Learning Environments
...and much more!
We believe in delivering lots of value for your money, so our flashcard system is packed with the critical information youll need to master in order to ace your CTEL exam. Our flashcards enable you to study small, digestible bits of information that are easy to learn and give you exposure to the different question types and concepts. With Mometrix flashcards, youll be able to study anywhere, whenever you have a few free minutes of time.
Study after study has shown that spaced repetition is the most effective form of learning, and nothing beats flashcards when it comes to making repetitive learning fun and fast. Using Mometrix flashcards for your CTEL review incorporates repetitive methods of study to teach you how to break apart and quickly solve difficult test questions.
You also get online access to CTEL practice test questions, created by our Mometrix test prep team, to prepare you for what to expect on the actual exam. Each answer is explained in depth, in order to make the principles and reasoning behind it crystal clear.
Mometrix Test Preparation has helped thousands of people achieve their education goals. Our CTEL Exam Flashcard Study System can help you get the results you deserve on your CTEL test too.
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CTEL Exam
Explain the difference between phonemes, graphemes, andletters.
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a languagethat makes a difference in meaning.
Phonemes can be written in two different ways. Linguistscommonly represent phonemes by using the International Phonetic Alphabet,which assigns a different symbol to each sound commonly found in languagesaround the world. A second way to represent a phoneme is by using graphemes,which are individual letters or groups of letters that depict how a sound iswritten in a given language. For example, in English, the sound /t/ is writteneither with a single t (as in tall) or with two ts (as in the wordbetter,). Thus, English has two graphemes, t and tt, that correspond tothe phoneme /t/. Linguists have a special term, digraph, to refer to anytwo-letter grapheme, such as tt or ch.
Phonetic alphabets and graphemes are necessary because writtenalphabets do not by themselves provide language learners with knowledge of howto pronounce a given word. Many letters have more than one pronunciation, andoften are silent. In other words, spelling is not a reliable guide topronunciation.
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CTEL Exam
Contrast phonetics with phonology and explainhow linguists relate one to the other through the application of phonologicalrules.
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds in isolation,and phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a contextin asyllable, a word, a sentence, or a language as a whole. The speech sounds thateach discipline studies are called phonemes. English, for example,consists of approximately 44 unique phonemes, arising from the 26 letters ofthe alphabet used singly or in combination. A competent English speaker candistinguish between these phonemes. Substituting one for another will result ina change in meaningfor example, substituting /m/ for /b/ in the word ballresults in mall.
Phonetics considers how individual speech sounds are producedand perceived and might ask which sounds are present in a given language. Phonology,by contrast, would study the ways in which those sounds are used to createlarger units of meaning. Phonological rules are the ways in which soundschange depending on where they occur and how they are used in speech. Forexample, the deletion rule states that an unstressed vowel is often deleted inrapid speech, as when the /o/ in police is dropped and the word is pronouncedas /pleas/.
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CTEL Exam
Discuss how irregularities in English spelling, as well asthe existence in English of phonetic features such as digraphs, diphthongs, andconsonant clusters might present challenges for English language learners.
Students of any language benefit if that language has predictablerules of grammar, spelling, or pronunciation. Learning is made even easierif the student experiences positive transferthat is, if featuresof their native language are similar to those in English, and thus reinforcethe learning process.
The fact that the 26 letters of the English alphabet combine toform approximately 44 distinct phonemes will complicate the learning processfor ELLs, as there is no one-to-one correspondence between spelling andpronunciation. For example, the sound /k/ can be written in many different waysin English, as in cat, kite, and tack.
Other features of English violate a regular one-to-onecorrespondence of letters to sounds. Digraphs, for example, arecombinations of two or more letters to produce a unique phonemesuch as the/ch/ sound in English. Diphthongs are combinations of two or more vowelsin a single syllable, often resulting in an unpredictable soundfor example,the word chair is usually pronounced with an /ur/ sound that is not evidentfrom its spelling. Consonant clusters occur when two or more consonantscombine to form a single sound, as with the /wr/ sound in wreck. Thesefeatures render English more difficult for the ELL.
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CTEL Exam
Discuss how phonemes can be classified based on theirlocation in a syllable or word.
Syllables typically have two components, an onset and a rime.The onset is the phoneme, or sound, that occurs at the beginning of thesyllable. In English, only consonants can be onsets. If a syllable begins witha vowel sound, the syllable has no onset. The rime is the vowel and anyconsonants that follow the onset. Thus, every syllable has a rime, but notnecessarily an onset. For example, the one-syllable word and has no onset,only a rime. In the word bat, by contrast, the /b/ is the onset, and the /at/is the rime.
A second way to classify phonemes is by their order in aword. The first phoneme in a word is called the beginning phoneme, thelast phoneme is called the end phoneme, and any phonemes in the middleare called medial phonemes. Teachers often promote phonetic awareness inbeginning readers using this classification. For example, the teacher mightteach the word bet by highlighting the beginning /b/, the ending /t/, and themedial /e/.
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CTEL Exam
Describe the framework linguists use for describing andclassifying how consonant and vowel sounds are produced.
Linguists who study the physiology of sound production haveclassified the phonemes according to how they are produced. Each phonemeis articulated in a unique way. Consonant and vowel sounds have differentclassification systems.
Consonants are classified according to three criteria:(1) the location in the vocal tract where they are produced (the descriptiveterms used are bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, alveopalatal,velar, and glottal); (2) the manner in which they are produced (stops, nasals,fricatives, affricates, approximants, and glides); and (3) whether they arevoiced or unvoiced. For example, the [b] sound is described as a voiced,bilabial stop, and the [f] sound is described as a voiceless, labiodentalfricative.
All vowels are voiced, and so the classification ofvowels occurs along two dimensions, both of which refer to the position andmovement of the tongue during utterance: (1) high, mid, or low; and (2) front,central, and back. Thus, the short vowel [u], as in the word boot, isproduced high and in the back of the mouth.
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CTEL Exam
Explain why the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) wascreated and describe how linguists use slash marks to distinguish betweenphonemes and letters.
No alphabet has a one-to-one correspondence between letters andsounds. In English, for example, 26 letters generate approximately 44 distinctphonemes. Nor do any two languages rely on the same system of sounds, even whenthey share an alphabet.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which wascreated in 1888 and revised repeatedly since, provides a standard system ofsymbols for all of the phonemes used in human languages. The existence of theIPA allows linguists to refer to sounds independently to how they arerepresented in a specific language.
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