Mometrix Nursing Certification Test Team - CNN Exam Flashcard Study System: CNN Test Practice Questions & Review for the Certified Nephrology Nurse Exam
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Taking the Certified Nephrology Nurse Exam is a challenge and your results can make a huge difference when it comes to your future. If you do well on the exam, it can open doors and lead to wonderful opportunities. If you do poorly on the exam, you will find yourself with fewer options. You may have to put your plans for the future on hold, or even give up on them altogether. Preparing for your exam with our CNN Exam Flashcard Study System can help you avoid this fate and give you a big advantage when you take the test. Thousands of satisfied customers have relied on Mometrix Flashcards to help them pass their exams, and now you can too.
Mometrix Test Preparation is not affiliated with or endorsed by any official testing organization. All organizational and test names are trademarks of their respective owners.
When you study with Mometrix CNN flashcards, youll get an in-depth review of each test section.
Test sections include:
- Acute Renal Failure
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Chronic Kidney Disease-the Bones and Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Dialysis Centers
- Basic Chemistry, Renal Physiology, and Hemodialysis
- Vascular Access and Patient and Machine Monitoring
- Nutrition
- Transplants
- Pediatrics
...and much more!
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Study after study has shown that spaced repetition is the most effective form of learning, and nothing beats flashcards when it comes to making repetitive learning fun and fast. Using Mometrix flashcards for your CNN review incorporates repetitive methods of study to teach you how to break apart and quickly solve difficult test questions.
You also get online access to CNN practice test questions, created by our Mometrix test prep team, to prepare you for what to expect on the actual exam. Each answer is explained in depth, in order to make the principles and reasoning behind it crystal clear.
Mometrix Test Preparation has helped thousands of people achieve their education goals. Our CNN Exam Flashcard Study System can help you get the results you deserve on your CNN test too.
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CNN Exam
Detail the arterial and venous circulation of the kidneys andexplain the role of the vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.
The kidneys receive up to 25% of resting cardiac output. Thesehighly vascular organs process an average of 1000 ml/min of blood. Circulationto each kidney begins with the renal artery, which branches from the abdominalaorta. The renal artery divides into interlobar arteries, which in turn supplythe arcuate arteries. Interlobular arteries branch from the arcuates andfurther divide into afferent arterioles, which then become glomerularcapillaries. The glomerular capillaries then merge to form efferent arteriolesthat disperse into vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.
The vasa recta (straight arterioles) and their branches surroundthe loops of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons in the renal medulla, wherethey function to maintain the concentration gradient of the urine.
The tiny peritubular capillaries lie adjacent to the nephronspermitting tubular secretion and reabsorption to take place.
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CNN Exam
Describe in detail the functions of a normal kidney.
Normal kidneys perform several functions including thefollowing:
Excretion of waste products of metabolism, including urea, uricacid, and water
Maintenance of acid/base balance (pH)
Regulation of plasma volume and blood pressure
Maintenance of electrolyte balance
Production (synthesis) of hormones, including erythropoietin(which stimulates erythrocyte production in response to low levels of O2),renin (which regulates aldosterone), and calcitriol (which promotes theabsorption of calcium)
Reception of hormones, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH)produced by the pituitary, which enhances water reabsorption; aldosterone (fromthe adrenal cortex), which causes the kidneys to retain water and sodium(increasing the b/p); and parathyroid hormone (produced by the parathyroidglands), which increases the calcium: phosphate ratio and results in anincrease in calcium in the blood.
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CNN Exam
Define and list the five stages of chronic kidney disease.
Stage IGlomerular filtration rate > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2
Stage IIGlomerular filtration rate
between 60 90 ml/min/1.73 m2
Stage IIIGlomerular filtration rate
between 30 60 ml/min/1.73 m2
Stage IVGlomerular filtration rate
between 15 30 ml/min/1.73 m2
Stage VGlomerular filtration rate
<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 (needs dialysis)
Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/cnn
CNN Exam
Define chronic kidney disease.
According to the National Kidney Foundation, chronic kidneydisease is defined as those patients with glomerular filtration rates of less than60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for greater than 3 months.
The reasoning behind this is that at a GFR of less than 60,approximately half of the nephrons have been damaged. This is also the GFRwhere manifestations of chronic kidney disease begin to manifest includinganemia, early bone disease, and establishes an increased risk for coronaryartery disease.
Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/cnn
CNN Exam
List the major risk factors for chronic kidney disease.
The major risk factors for chronic kidney disease include:
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
hyperlipidemia
smoking
These are preventable and very treatable causes of bothinitiating and progressing kidney disease. They are also the most widelyprevalent and present the greatest risk to public health.
Other less common risk factors include:
autoimmune diseases (chiefly systemic lupus erythematosus)
chronic urinary tract infections
age, renal stones
systemic infections
family history
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CNN Exam
Screening for CKD is necessary for any patient considered inthe high-risk category. Explain the American Diabetes Association (ADA)recommendations for screening and discuss other groups that should beevaluated. Describe the tests used to detect abnormal kidney function.
Kidney function and an evaluation of proteinuria are bothimportant in assessing a patient for CKD. Since diabetics are at high risk fordeveloping CKD, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that allpatients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes be tested for microalbuminuria at thetime of diagnosis. Type 1 diabetics should be tested 5 years after the initialevaluation. Any patient with hypertension or heart disease or who is in anyother high-risk group should have routine examinations for kidney involvement.The dipstick test for albumin and blood cells is the first step in analyzingthe patient for kidney disease. If positive for albumin, the next step is aprotein-creatinine ratio test. If the dipstick is positive for blood or whitecells, a more comprehensive microscopic analysis needs to be done.
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CNN Exam
Describe how metabolic acidosis occurs in patients withchronic kidney disease.
The kidneys are involved in excreting broken down proteins. Proteins break down into their component parts, which are amino acids. Aminoacids are, in fact, acids. They are largely buffered in the bloodstream viathe presence of the ubiquitous base bicarbonate. When renal failure ensues,the ability to excrete amino acids is hindered. With amino acid build up, thebicarbonate buffer is also exhausted. Therefore, the amino acid build upcontributes to the acidosis present in all patients with chronic kidneydisease. Renal replacement therapy with appropriate dialysate solutions aidsin eliminating the acidosis.
Thus, before each dialysis treatment patients are acidotic. Following dialysis, patients should ideally return to neutrality or a pH of7.4.
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CNN Exam
List the most common genetic diseases that can cause chronicrenal disease.
Polycystic kidney disease is the most common genetic conditionthat can cause renal disease.
It is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion,though there are some recessive patterns of inheritance. The usual diseasecourse is one where renal failure develops in young persons between 25-35 yearsof age.
The only treatment is renal replacement therapy and mostpatients require transplants.
It is characterized by large kidney sizes with huge cysts thatcan often be palpated on physical exam. There are no known treatments that caneffectively slow the progression of the disease.
Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/cnn
CNN Exam
Describe the effects of chronic kidney disease on joints.
Patients on renal replacement therapy frequently have elevateduric acid levels. Uric acid is implicated in causing gout.
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