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Gary K. Bertsch - Arms on the Market: Reducing the Risk of Proliferation in the Former Soviet Union

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Book:
Arms on the Market: Reducing the Risk of Proliferation in the Former Soviet Union
Author:
Gary K Bertsch / Suzette R Grillot
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
1998
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Almost overnight, the massive military-industrial assets of the Soviet Union came under the jurisdiction of fifteen states instead of one established government. While only four states inherited weapons of mass destruction, most of the fifteen states of the former Soviet Union can produce sensitive materials and equipment. Because all the states serve as transit points for both legal commerce and illegal smuggling, developing export control systems in all the newly independent states (NIS) has become the cornerstone of the global effort to reduce the risk of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.Arms on the Market is the first book to tackle this difficult subject. Not only does it explore the various theoretical approaches that help us understand the development of export control systems in the nis, but it also introduces a unique method for measuring and comparing export control development.

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More praise for Arms on the Market

The challenge of dismantling the weapons of the Cold War is firmly set forth and addressed in this volume edited by Gary Bertsch and Suzette Grillot. The flow of fissile material must be stopped at its source, and Arms on the Market lays the ground work to do just that.

Harold P. Smith, Jr., former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense

As pioneers in research on export control issues, Gary Bertsch and his colleagues provide a very timely contribution to understanding the threats of weapons proliferation and global terrorism. Arms on the Market not only sounds an important warning about potential leakages of nuclear and other dangerous technologies from the former Soviet Union, but also highlights practical steps needed to contain the threats.

Glenn Schweitzer, Office Director, National Research Council

This book addresses one of the most serious threats to the national interests of the United Statesthe control of nuclear weapons-related material from the territories of the former Soviet Union. Written by a talented team of young analysts, Arms on the Market provides valuable and timely information for analysts and policymakers alike.

Graham T. Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University

ARMS ON THE MARKET

REDUCING THE RISK OF PROLIFERATION
IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION

EDITED BY

GARY K. BERTSCH AND SUZETTE R. GRILLOT

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE & SECURITY
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

WITH A FOREWORD BY SAM NUNN

ROUTLEDGE

NEW YORK LONDON

Published in 1998 by
Routledge
29 West 35th Street
New York, NY 10001

Published in Great Britain by
Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane
London EC4P 4EE

Printed in the United States of America on arid-free paper.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Arms on the market: Reducing the risk of proliferation in the former Soviet Union /

edited by Gary K. Bertsch and Suzette R. Grillot.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p ).

ISBN 0-415-92058-2 ISBN 0-415-92059-0

1. Nuclear industry Former Soviet republics. 2. Nuclear industry security measures Former Soviet republics. 3. Nuclear industry Former Soviet republics Safety measures. 4. Nuclear industry Safety measures International cooperation. 5. Nuclear nonproliferation.

I. Bertsch, Gary K. II. Grillot, Suzette R.

HD9698.F62A75 1998

367.1974dc21

97-47647
CIP

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

EXPLAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NONPROLIFERATION EXPORT CONTROLS
FRAMEWORK, THEORY, AND METHOD

THE EVOLUTION OF THE UKRAINIAN EXPORT CONTROL SYSTEM
STATE BUILDING AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

UNDERSTANDING EXPORT CONTROLS IN BELARUS
THE POWER OF INDUCEMENTS

A WORK IN PROGRESS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT CONTROLS IN KAZAKHSTAN

ESTONIA, LATVIA, AND LITHUANIA
WESTERN COUNTRIES EYEING MORE WESTERN INTEGRATION

CENTRAL ASIA
THE ABSENCE OF INCENTIVES

SECURITY DIMENSIONS OF NONPROLIFERATION
EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CAUCASUS

FSU EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT
THE FACTORS THAT MATTER

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AG	Australia Group
CFE	Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty
CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
COCOM	Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
CSCE	Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CTR	Cooperative Threat Reduction (Nunn-Lugar) Program
CWC	Chemical Weapons Convention
DOE	U.S. Department of Energy
EBRD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EU	European Union
FREEDOM	Freedom for Russia and the Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets
FSA	FREEDOM Support Act
FSU	Former Soviet Union
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
HEU	Highly Enriched Uranium
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
ICBM	Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
IC/DV	Import Certification and Delivery Verification
ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations
MFA	Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MFER	Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations
MIC	Military Industrial Complex
MOD	Ministry of Defense
MOJ	Ministry of Justice
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding
MPC&A	Materials Protection, Control and Accounting
MTCR	Missile Technology Control Regime
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO	Non-Governmental Organization
NIS	New Independent States
NNWS	Non-Nuclear Weapons State
NPT	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
NSG	Nuclear Suppliers Group
SEED	Support for East European Democracy
SNM	Special Nuclear Materials
UN	United Nations
USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WA	Wassenaar Arrangement
WEU	West European Union
WMD	Weapons of Mass Destruction

FOREWORD

SAM NUNN

Today there is no greater threat to our nation or to the world than the illicit spread of weapons of mass destruction. During the Cold War our national security and that of the Soviet Union were premised upon a dangerous, but at least well-understood, balance of terror and upon well-traveled avenues of diplomacy.

Both the United States and the Soviet Union maintained formidable nuclear arsenals, so there was a high risk that conflict would result in certain and unacceptable losses no matter who the initial aggressor. If conflict appeared possible, diplomatic channels were available as a relief valve. Although living in a climate of high risk, we enjoyed a high degree of stability.

The collapse of Soviet communism and the end of the Cold War eliminated what many considered to be the greatest threat to world security. Certainly the threat of all-out war has gone down very significantly. Yet, today the concerns of the Cold War have been replaced with new and far different threats. We have moved from an era of high risks but also high stability to an era of much lower risk but also much lower stability.

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