Gary K. Bertsch - Dangerous Weapons, Desperate States: Russia, Belarus, Kazakstan and Ukraine

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Praise for
DANGEROUS WEAPONS,
DESPERATE STATES

Few problems raised by the new states of the former Soviet Union worry the outside world more than the seepage of nuclear and conventional arms and their ingredients into the wrong hands. Until now, however, we have not had an in-depth understanding of the policies and institutions governing the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Kazakh control over critical exports. Written by an international group of highly expert authors, this is the first book to tackle the four key countries in great, yet accessible, detail. Dangerous Weapons, Desperate States is a crucial tool for addressing this crucial problem.

Robert Legvold,
Professor of Political Science, Columbia University

Dangerous Weapons, Desperate States illuminates the economic roots of proliferation in the NIS and the domestic and international ineffectiveness that has failed to prevent its growth. The question remains whether the examples of export control failure and consequences of continued inaction outlined in this book will serve as a wake-up call for political leaders in the East and West.

Kenneth N. Luongo,
Executive Director,
Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council

Dangerous Weapons, Desperate States is the most comprehensive review of export control developments in the former Soviet Union.

Henry Sokolski,
Executive Director, Nonproliferation Education Policy Center

DANGEROUS
WEAPONS,
DESPERATE
STATES

Russia, Belarus, Kazakstan, and Ukraine

GARY K. BERTSCH AND

WILLIAM C. POTTER, EDITORS

Published in 1999 by
Routledge
711 Third Avenue,
New York, NY 10017

Published in Great Britain by
Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park,
Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Transferred to Digital Printing 2011

Copyright 1999 by Routledge

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Dangerous weapons, desperate states: Russia, Belarus, Kazakstan, and Ukraine / edited by Gary K. Bertsch and William C. Potter.

p. cm.

ISBN 0-415-92236-4. ISBN 0-415-92237-2-p

1. Disarmament. 2. Arms controlFormer Soviet republics. 3. Weapons of mass destructionFormer Soviet republics. 4. Nuclear disarmamentFormer Soviet republics. I. Bertsch, Gary K. II. Potter, William C.

JZ6009. F67D36 1999

327.1 ' 747 ' 0947dc21 99-11361

CIP

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint
but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.

CONTENTS

PART I EXPORT CONTROLS, TRADE,
AND SECURITY

1 INTRODUCTION: THE CHALLENGE OF
NIS EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT
Gary K. Bertsch and William C. Potter

2 NIS SECURITY AND NONPROLIFERATION
EXPORT CONTROLS
Vyachaslau Paznyak and Anatoli Rozanov

PART II EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT IN
THE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES

3 NUCLEAR EXPORT CONTROLS IN RUSSIA:
THE PLAYERS AND THE PROCESS
Elina Kirichenko and William C. Potter

Victor Zaborksy

Ural Latypov

6 EXPORT CONTROLS IN THE REPUBLIC
OF KAZAKSTAN
Dastan Eleukenov and Keith D. Wolfe

PART III PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF
EXPORT CONTROL AND CURBING
THE SPREAD OF WEAPONS

7 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
EXPORT CONTROLS
Maria Katsva and Derek Averre

8 THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF RUSSIA'S
CONVENTIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS
Igor Khripunov

9 EXPORT CONTROLS AND NUCLEAR
SMUGGLING IN RUSSIA
Vladimir A. Orlov

10 RUSSIA AND THE MISSILE TECHNOLOGY
CONTROL REGIME
Alexander Pikayev

11 RUSSIA AND THE WASSENAAR ARRANGEMENT: A NEW
MULTILATERAL EXPORT CONTROL REGIME FOR CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS AND DUAL-USE ITEMS
Elina Kirichenko and Dmitriy Nikonov

Gary K. Bertsch and William C. Potter

Assessing U.S. Efforts to Help Contain Nuclear and
Other Dangerous Materials and Technologies
in the Former Soviet Union
Office of International Affairs, National Research Council

APPENDIX 2 EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENTS IN RUSSIA,
UKRAINE, BELARUS, AND KAZAKSTAN

ACRONYMS

AG	Australia Group
BTWC	Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
CFE	Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty
CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
COCOM	Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
CSCE	Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CTR	Cooperative Threat Reduction (Nunn-Lugar) Program
CWC	Chemical Weapons Convention
DOE	U.S. Department of Energy
EU	European Union
FSB	Federal Security Service
FREEDOM	Freedom for Russia and the Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets
FSA	Freedom Support Act
FSU	Former Soviet Union
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
HEU	Highly Enriched Uranium
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
ICBM	Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
INF	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations
MFA	Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MFER	Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations
MIC	Military Industrial Complex
MOD	Ministry of Defense
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding
MPC&A	Materials Protection, Control and Accounting
MTCR	Missile Technology Control Regime
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC	Nuclear Biological Chemical
NGO	Non-Governmental Organization
NIS	New Independent States
NNWS	Non-Nuclear Weapons State
NPT	Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
NSG	Nuclear Suppliers Group
SEED	Support for East European Democracy
SNM	Special Nuclear Materials
UN	United Nations
USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WA	Wassenaar Arrangement
WEU	West European Union
WMD	Weapons of Mass Destruction

PART I
EXPORT CONTROLS,
TRADE,
AND SECURITY

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