Bindia Thapar - Introduction to Indian Architecture
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Take a journey through Indian architecture from the dawn of civilization to the present with this colorful, attractive survey.
The architecture of India reflects both the cultural diversity of the subcontinent and its rich political and historical inheritance. In this guide, the various strands of this rich architectural history, from the dawn of civilization to modern times, are beautifully presented in word and picture. Readers are taken on a fascinating tour of Indus Valley civilization, early Vedic traditions, Hindu, Jain, Mughal, regional, colonial and post-independence architectural styles. Themes such as water architecture and the architecture of science also figure prominently, giving many westerners their first glimpse of these styles.
The informative text, complemented by 400 photographs, watercolors, maps and plans, provide compelling evidence of Indias influence on building design throughout history.
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From the Inside FlapAbout the AuthorBindia Thapar has worked in the field of design for several years. She is a visiting lecturer at the School of Architecture and Planning in New Delhi, and has illustrated several childrens books.
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Bibliography
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Residential Spaces
Traditional Indian households lived by the joint family system whereby the many occupants and complex interpersonal relationships necessitated clearly demarcated spaces. Public and private areas were separate, and women kept protected from the public gaze. The internal courtyard was the center, restricted to family members, with rooms opening out on either side, ensuring privacy to their inhabitants.
The stone faades of havelis in Rajasthan. Ornate jharokhas (balconies) with wooden shuttered openings project out onto the street. They are shaded by arched chhajjas (eaves).
North India: The Haveli
The haveli or mansion was the house of the rich, owned by either the nobility or by rich traders who attempted to imitate the lifestyle of royalty. Often built on narrow streets, the outer walls of larger havelis rose 3-4 stories high, casting shadows on their neighbors. Interiors thus remained cool. The narrow streets also acted as wind funnels, further cooling the buildings.
The haveli was built on a high plinth, with steps leading up to the entrance. The first room, facing the street, was the baithak or public area. It signified the transition between the public space outside the house and the private or personal space within. This was a totally male domain into which women rarely entered. The baithak opened out into another room, beyond which, completely shielded from the gaze of strangers, was the central courtyard.
A pillared and covered corridor called the baramdah or verandah ran around the courtyard on all levels, leading into various rooms that formed the living quarters. Rooms on the upper floors also had canopied balconies called jharokhas looking down into the street. Shielded by carved stone latticework screens (jaalis), they allowed the inhabitants to look out without being seen, and also served to break the force of hot winds, allowing the interiors to be airy. There was usually a teh khana or basement, which was the cool retreat of the house and also the place where valuables were stored. Security was, in fact, a major determinant in the plan. Doors had low lintels and high thresholds, probably to ensure that an unwelcome person could not enter easily. The staircases, too, were twisted and narrow, with uncomfortably high risers.
Section of a typical haveli showing the hierarchy of private and public spaces and connecting passageways.
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