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Egede - Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles

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Egede Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles
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Lightweight Electric Vehicles -- Electric Vehicles, Lightweight Design and Environmental Impacts -- State of Research on the Environmental Assessment of Electric and Lightweight Vehicles -- Concept for the Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles -- Case studies on the comparison of (lightweight) electric vehicles with conventional and reference electric vehicles -- Summary, Critical Review and Outlook.;This monograph adresses the challenge of the environmental assessment of leightweight electric vehicles. It poses the question whether the use of lightweight materials in electric vehicles can reduce the vehicles environmental impact and compares the environmental performance of a lightweight electric vehicle (LEV) to other types of vehicles. The topical approach focuses on methods from life cycle assessment (LCA), and the book concludes with a comprehensive concept on the environmental assessment of LEVs. The target audience primarily comprises LCA practitioners from research institutes and industry, but it may also be beneficial for graduate students specializing in the field of environmental assessment.

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Egede - Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles
Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles
Egede
Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
Patricia Egede Environmental Assessment of Lightweight Electric Vehicles Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management 10.1007/978-3-319-40277-2_1
1. Lightweight Electric VehiclesA Good Environmental Choice?
Patricia Egede 1
(1)
Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
1.1 Relevance and Environmental Burdens of Vehicles
The modes of transportation at our disposal are very important for the course of events in our everyday lives. The availability and costs of these transportation modes influence our choices in our private (e.g. shopping and leisure time activities) and professional environment (e.g. work place). Especially in more developed countries, the invention of motorized vehicles around 130 years ago lead to drastic changes not only of the transportation sector but also of the way we shape our lives. It increased our range of action significantly because individual mobility over long distances became available and affordable. Figure ). This shift along with an increasing world population means that there exist increasingly more and larger areas in the world with a high population and vehicle density.
Fig 11 Development of passenger transportation in Germany since 1825 Burgert - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
Development of passenger transportation in Germany since 1825 (Burgert et al. , translated)
However, the invention of motorized vehicles has not only contributed benefits. The resulting use of fossil fuels has negative impacts particularly on the environment. Current environmental issues due to traffic are foremost related to the use of crude oil. Crude oil is a fossil and therefore finite resource used for the production of diesel and gasoline. The production and combustion of these fuels lead to two major environmental challenges: the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and local air pollution especially in large cities (Gruden ).
Fig 12 Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sector in 2010 data from - photo 2
Fig. 1.2
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sector in 2010 [data from IEA ()]
In the future, we can expect these challenges to become more and more severe (Creutzig ). Whereas the countries on the upper right (i.e. developed countries) have reached a point near saturation of vehicle ownership, the countries on the bottom left (i.e. emerging countries) possess a strong growth potential. Hence, the number of vehicles and their environmental impacts will increase as the GDP of the worlds developing and emerging nations like China, India and Brazil rises.
Fig 13 Vehicle ownership as a function of per capita income Note plotted - photo 3
Fig. 1.3
Vehicle ownership as a function of per capita income. Note plotted years vary by country depending on data availability. Data source World Bank () (Fig. 5.2, page 332 in original source)
Considering the importance and growth potential of motorized vehicles as well as their environmental issues, it becomes evident that there is a need for measures which reduce the environmental impact of these vehicles. Two options which can offer advantages in comparison to conventional vehicles are the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and lightweight design (Kahn Ribeiro et al. ).
However, for a given vehicle the environmental impact of the use phase is not a globally valid value. The product of the driven kilometres, the environmental impact of the energy source per unit and the energy consumption of the vehicle mainly determines the environmental impact of the use phase. These parameters are influenced by the terms of use (Del Duce et al. ). For example, the energy consumption for heating and cooling of an EV depends on the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature depends on the type of climate as well as the time of day and year. The time of driving depends on the use pattern. Consequently, it is necessary to consider the terms of useregional influencing factors and use patternsto answer the question whether (L)EVs are a good environmental choice and to identify areas of priority to turn (L)EVs into future means of low emission individual transportation.
1.2 Research Objective and Structure
The goal of this book is the development of a concept for the environmental assessment of LEVs which considers the terms of use. This concept shall allow an LCA practitioner to conduct site and user-specific LCAs which reflect the prevailing conditions and individual use patterns. For this purpose this book is divided into six chapters. The structure is presented in Fig..
Fig 14 Book structure Following this introduction Chap References - photo 4
Fig. 1.4
Book structure
Following this introduction, Chap..
References
Buchert M, Jenseit W, Merz C, Schler D (2011) kobilanz zum Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien (LithoRec)
Burgert W, Bhner R, Schiebel D (1996) Tendenzen im Karosserieleichtbau. In: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (ed) 150 Jahre Wilhelm Maybach. VDI, Dsseldorf, pp 2950
Cassiani M, Stohl A, Eckhardt S (2013) The dispersion characteristics of air pollution from the worlds megacities. Atmos Chem Phys 13(19):99759996. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-9975-2013 CrossRef
Creutzig F (2015) Evolving narratives of low-carbon futures in transportation. Transp Rev:120. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2015.1079277
Das S (2011) Life cycle assessment of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Int J Life Cycle Assess 16(3):268282. doi: 10.1007/s11367-011-0264-z CrossRef
Del Duce A, Egede P, hlschlger G, Dettmer T, Althaus H, Btler T, Szczechowicz E (2013) Guidelines for the LCA of electric vehicles. eLCAr
Ellenrieder G, Gnsicke T, Goede M, Herrmann HG (2013) Die Leichtbaustrategien. In: Friedrich HE (ed) Leichtbau in der Fahrzeugtechnik. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Gruden D (2008) Umweltschutz in der Automobilindustrie: motor, Kraftstoffe, recycling. Praxis: ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch. Vieweg+Teubner/GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden
Gurjar BR, Butler TM, Lawrence MG, Lelieveld J (2008) Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities. Atmos Environ 42(7):15931606. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048 CrossRef
Hameyer K, De Doncker RW, van Hoek H, Hbner M, Hennen M, Kampker A, Deutskens C, Ivanescu S, Stolze T, Vetter A, Hagedorn J (2013) Elektrischer Antriebsstrang. In: Kampker A, Valle D, Schnettler A (eds) Elektromobilitt: Grundlagen einer Zukunftstechnologie. Springer Vieweg, Berlin, pp 263295
Hansen F (2013) Mobilitt. In: Braess H, Seiffert U (eds) Vieweg-Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, 7th edn. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Hawkins TR, Singh B, Majeau-Bettez G, Strmman AH (2013) Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. J Ind Ecol 17(1):5364. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x CrossRef
Henning F, Moeller E (eds) (2011) Handbuch Leichtbau: Methoden, Werkstoffe, Fertigung. Hanser, Mnchen
IEA (2012) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: highlights, Paris, France
International Transport Forum (2010) Reducing transport greenhouse gas emissions: trends and data 2010
ISO (14044:2006) Environmental managementlife cycle assessmentrequirements and guidelines (14044:2006)
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