Ehsani Mehrdad - Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Third Edition

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Third Edition

Mehrdad Ehsani

Yimin Gao

Stefano Longo

Kambiz M. Ebrahimi

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To my Wonderful Wife, Zohreh

Mehrdad Ehsani

To my Wife Anni, and my Daughter, Yuan

Yimin Gao

To my Mum, Dad and Little Brother

Stefano Longo

To my Wife and Daughter

Kambiz Ebrahimi

Contents

Electric and Hybrid Electric vehicles are now well known products in the market and are accepted internationally. However, their full potential for penetrating the automobile market is not yet fulfilled, even with the ever expanding awareness of the global warming problem due to the fossil fuel use. This is, in part, due to the low cost and ever abundance of fossil fuels for the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The abundance of hydrocarbon fuels is not going the change for decades and perhaps for centuries. Therefore, the electric and hybrid electric vehicles will dominate the automobile market only if they provide better and more appropriate products for the present and future needs of the automobile user. For example, a very low cost electric vehicle can dominate the market in the developing countries with no fossil fuel resourses of their own, where conventional cars are too expensive for the middle class family to purchase and operate. Further, a conventional vehicle, with full size internal combustion engine, can be optimized for performance, fuel economy, emissions, and cost, by a small traction motor/generator hybridization. Such a vehicle can be a superior product, in comparison to the conventional cars, with a small incremental cost, for the developed world markets.

The present third edition of our book contributes to the above aims by introducing appropriate technologies and design methodologies. Further, the present edition benefits from the suggestions of many readers, students and academic adopters of the previous editions of this book, whose suggestions is gratefully acknowledged.

The development of the internal combustion engine automobiles is one of the greatest achievements of the modern technology. However, the highly developed automotive industry and the increasingly large number of automobiles in use around the world are causing serious problems for the environment and hydrocarbon resources. The deteriorating air quality and global warming issues are becoming serious threats to modern life. Progressively more rigorous emissions and fuel efficiency standards are stimulating aggressive development of safer, cleaner, and more efficient vehicles. It is now well recognized that electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell powered drive train technologies are the most promising vehicle solutions for the foreseeable future.

To meet this challenge, an increasing number of engineering schools, in the US and around the world, have initiated academic programs in advanced energy and vehicle technologies at undergraduate and graduate levels. We stared our first graduate course, In 1998, on Advanced Vehicle TechnologiesDesign Methodology of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles for students in mechanical and electrical engineering at Texas A&M University. While preparing the lectures for this course, we found that although there is a wealth of information in the form of technical papers and reports, there was no rigorous and comprehensive textbook for students and professors that may wish to offer such a course. Furthermore, practicing engineers also needed a systematic reference book to fully understand the essentials of this new technology. The first edition of this book was our attempt to fill this need. The present third edition introduces newer topics and deeper treatments to the previous editions.

The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). It comprehensively covers vehicle performance characteristics, configurations, control strategies, design methodologies, modeling, and simulation for modern vehicles with mathematical rigor. It includes drive train architecture analysis, ICE based drive trains, EV and HEV configurations, electric propulsion systems, series/parallel/mild hybrid electric drive train design methodologies, energy storage systems, regenerative braking, fuel cells and their applications in vehicles, and fuel cell hybrid electric drive train design. The book perspective is from the overall drive train system and not just individual components. The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step by step. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results.

More specifically, the third edition contains many corrections and updates of the material in the first and second editions. Four new chapters and one appendix have been added. They are : Power Train Optimization, plus the Appendix: Technical Overview of Toyota Prius. In addition, plenty of new materials have been added to the old chapters. All these new contributions to the third edition make it more complete and useful to the reader.