Juan Carlos Carracedo - Teide volcano: geology and eruptions of a highly differentiated oceanic stratovolcano
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- Book:Teide volcano: geology and eruptions of a highly differentiated oceanic stratovolcano
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Teide volcano: geology and eruptions of a highly differentiated oceanic stratovolcano: summary, description and annotation
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From myth to science : the contribution of Mount Teide to the advancement of volcanology / Juan Carlos Carracedo, Valentin R. Troll -- Geological and geodynamic context of the Teide volcanic complex / Juan Carlos Carracedo, Francisco J. Perez-Torrado -- The Teide volcanic complex : physical environment and geomorphology / Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Raphal Paris, Constantino Criado, Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel -- Structural and geological elements of Teide volcanic complex : rift zones and gravitational collapses / Juan Carlos Carracedo, Valentin R. Troll -- Pre-Teide volcanic activity on the northeast volcanic rift zone / Valentin R. Troll, Frances M. Deegan, Audray Delcamp, Juan Carlos Carracedo, Chris Harris, Benjamin van Wyk de Vries, Michael S. Petronis, Francisco J. Perez-Torrado, Jane P. Chadwick, Abigail K. Barker, Sebastian Wiesmaier -- Dating the Teide volcanic complex: radiometric and palaeomagnetic methods / Herv Guillou, Catherine Kissel, Carlo Laj, Juan Carlos Carracedo -- Volcanic history and stratigraphy of the Teide volcanic complex / Juan Carlos Carracedo, Herv Guillou, Francisco J. Perez-Torrado, Eduardo Rodrguez-Badiola -- The last 2 ky of eruptive activity of the Teide volcanic complex : features and trends / Juan Carlos Carracedo -- Timing, distribution and petrological evolution of the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex / Sebastian Wiesmaier, Valentin R. Troll, Eduardo Rodrguez-Badiola, Juan Carlos Carracedo -- Magmatic differentiation in the Teide-Pico Viejo succession : isotope analysis as a key to deciphering the origin of phonolite magma / Sebastian Wiesmaier, Valentin R. Troll, Juan Carlos Carracedo, Robert M. Ellam, Ilya Bindeman, John A. Wolff, Frances M. Deegan -- Magma mixing in the 1100 AD Montaa Reventada composite lava flow : interaction of rift zone and central complex magmatism / Sebastian Wiesmaier, Frances M. Deegan, Valentin R. Troll, Juan Carlos Carracedo, Jane P. Chadwick -- Eruptive styles at the Teide volcanic complex / Francisco J. Perez-Torrado, Juan Carlos Carracedo, Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Eduardo Rodrguez-Badiola, Raphal Paris, Valentin R. Troll, Hilary Clarke, Sebastian Wiesmaier -- Geophysical investigations of the Teide volcanic complex / Vicente Soler-Javaloyes, Juan Carlos Carracedo -- Geological hazards in the Teide volcanic complex / Juan Carlos Carracedo, Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Francisco Jose Perez-Torrado, Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel, Raphal Paris, Eduardo Rodrguez-Badiola, Gustavo Pestana-Prez, Valentin R. Troll, Sebastian Wiesmaier.
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Juan Carlos Carracedo and Valentin R. Troll (eds.) Active Volcanoes of the World Teide Volcano 2013 Geology and Eruptions of a Highly Differentiated Oceanic Stratovolcano 10.1007/978-3-642-25893-0_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
1. From Myth to Science: The Contribution of Mount Teide to the Advancement of Volcanology
Juan Carlos Carracedo 1
(1)
Departamento de Fsica (GEOVOL), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
(2)
Department of Earth Sciences CEMPEG, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
Juan Carlos Carracedo (Corresponding author)
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Valentin R. Troll
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Abstract
This chapter outlines the progress of geological research into the origin and evolution of the Teide Volcanic Complex within the framework of Tenerife Island, the Canary Islands, and oceanic volcanism in general. Initially considered to relate to either the entrance to Hell or to mythical Atlantis, for von Buch, von Humboldt, Lyell and the other great eighteenth and nineteenth century naturalists Teide eventually helped to shape a new, and at that time revolutionary concept; the origin of volcanic rocks from solidified magma. This school of thought slowly cast aside Neptunism and removed some of the last barriers for the development of modern Geology and Volcanology as the sciences we know today. Despite the volcanic nature of the Canaries having been already recognised by the twentieth century, modern geological understanding of the archipelago progressed most significantly with the advent of plate tectonics. While some authors still maintain a link between the Canaries and the Atlas tectonic regime (see also ), geological research truly advanced in the Canaries through comparison with hotspot-derived archipelagos, particularly the Hawaiian Islands. This approach, initiated in the 1970s, provided a breakthrough in the understanding of Canary volcanism, demonstrating Tenerife and Teide to be one of the worlds most interesting, complex and to many, one of the most iconic of oceanic volcanoes.
1.1 Introduction
European volcanoes such as Etna and Vesuvius have been constant references in Volcanology since Greek and Roman times. Detailed and accurate accounts, most notably the description by Pliny the Younger of the 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, laid the foundations of modern Volcanology. Volcanic terminology as common as volcano and basalt were first used in accounts penned by Pliny the Elder, as was crater by Aristotle. Etna and Vesuvius became historically relevant because of their frequent catastrophic eruptions that destroyed entire cities, such as Catania, in 1669, or Naples, in 1631, both causing many thousands of victims.
In contrast, the only aspect of interest of Mt. Teide until the eighteenth century was its exaggerated height (Figs. ). Teide was considered the highest mountain on Earth until Mont Blanc and the Andean volcanoes were measured and observed to be higher. It is interesting to note, however, that present-day Volcanology has reinstated Teide amongst the highest volcanic structures on the planet (only surpassed by Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaii). If the base level is taken to be the ocean floor and not sea level, Mt Teide rises above 7,000 m (3,718 m a.s.l.). 
Fig. 1.1
The island of Tenerife and a towering Mount Teide in an engraving by Olfert Dapper in 1686
Fig. 1.2
a and b . Teide is by no means earths highest mountain, as was generally accepted until Mont Blanc was measured (the first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc, 4,810 m, was in August 1786). However, besides having the highest elevation in the Canaries and Spain, it is the third highest volcanic feature on earth, with only Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa being higher
While Vesuvius and Etna defined important catastrophic episodes in the history of Italy from Roman times to present, Teide volcano only posed a threat to the smaller population of aboriginal inhabitants on the island of Tenerife (the Guanches). The absence of explosive eruptions and victims since the colonisation of Tenerife at the end of the fifteenth century promoted the image of Teide as the main stable element in the landscape of the entire archipelago and as a prime cultural reference, even locally acquiring a protective role in folklore for example as Father Teide. The eruptions on Tenerife in historical times have had a limited impact on the population and the economic infrastructure of the island, with the exception of the 1706 eruption which partially destroyed the town of Garachico and filled the harbour with lava (the main commercial port in Tenerife at the time). This eruption, however, was not directly related to Teide, its vent being located 17 km away on the NW rift zone.
The role played by the Canaries and Mt. Teide changed lastingly upon the arrival of well established naturalists such as Leopold von Buch, Charles Lyell, Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Hartung, among many others. During the eighteenth century, Geology was at the centre of a long-lasting controversy between those who held the view that all rocks, including what we now see as volcanic rocks, were marine deposits formed by chemical precipitation in the ocean (Neptunists, after the god of the sea in Roman mythology) and those who believed that volcanic rocks resulted from the solidification of molten masses from the Earths interior (Plutonists, after Pluto, Greek god of the underworld).
The former school, led by Abraham Gottlieb Werner (17501817), a renowned German professor of Geology (Fig. ), and the latter by the Scot James Hutton (17261797), established a lively debate with strong religious overtones that lasted almost an entire century. The neptunistic theories rigorously adapted the teachings of the book of Genesis, contrasting the more enlightened ideas of the plutonists. The controversy contributed decisively to the development of Geology as a modern science and was based to quite an extent on the observations made in the Canaries by the now famous eighteenth century naturalists. 
Fig. 1.3
Werner described the basalts of Stolpe (the birthplace of Leopold von Buch) as sediments without traces of melting. He interpreted the columnar features as desiccation cracks, like those found in drying mud
The relevant role of the Canaries and Mt. Teide in the resolution of crucial problems in Geology and Volcanology arose from the European continent, particularly from Germany, France and Scotland, due to the fact that the volcanic settings in those countries are much more difficult to interpret than Canarian volcanoes. Fervent neptunists and co-workers of the influential Professor Werner, such as von Buch and initially even von Humboldt himself, who had expressed numerous doubts, gradually became ardent defenders of plutonism after travelling to the Canaries, thereby irreversibly opening the door to the advancement of purely scientific Geology that was largely free from religious restrictions. To von Buch we owe the basic concept that minerals in lava are formed by magmatic crystallisation and to von Humboldt that volcanic alignments are due to tectonic activity at depth.
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