Shailendra Shukla - Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT): Techniques and Applications

An interconnected network of multimedia devices is known as the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT). The characteristic of IoT to produce scalar sensor data differentiates this from IoMT. The IoMT consists of tiny multimedia devices that require less energy consumption and real-time data delivery. IoMT requires many multimedia devices connected through a stable network, efficient routing protocol, and lightweight computation to achieve the objective. The suitable design of the routing protocol improves the performance of IoMT in many folds. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) user working group has standardized the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). The RPL is ubiquitous for resource-constrained devices and perfectly suitable for IoMT. In IoMT, the significant issues with the routing protocols are a large number of heterogeneous devices, high bit error rate, frequent link breaks, assurance of the quality of service, and emission of CO2. In addition to the suitable traditional routing protocol of IoT, many green routing protocols, fault-tolerant routing protocols, context-aware, and energy harvesting-aware routing protocols are specially designed for IoMT. The efficient design of routing protocol and improved quality of service (QoS) widens the application spectrum of IoMT in intelligent environments. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of traditional and most recent routing protocols and QoS in IoMT. The design of these protocols successfully satisfies the current and future requirements of the IoMT network in terms of handling a large volume of data, heterogeneous data types, and energy issues.

Internet of Multimedia Things; Routing protocols; Quality of service; IoMT; RPL; IoT; Multimedia applications; Survey

During the last decade, Internet of Things (IoT) has grown very fast and connected numerous devices worldwide. IoT can provide anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone and anything .

The massive growth in multimedia on-demand traffics such as images, audios, and videos, has evolved the concept of Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) from IoT is defined by Microsoft as: Network QoS refers to the ability of the network to handle this traffic such that it meets the service needs of certain applications. The frequent packet loss and redundant packet delivery degrade the quality of constrained multimedia applications in IoMT network. The massive amount of data produced in IoMT network from many heterogeneous sources creates the processing overburden on the routing devices, resulting in packet loss.

The multimedia traffic is growing very fast which increases newer challenges for computing, sharing, storing, and transmitting the multimedia data. Computing data in IoMT needs novel methods for fog/edge and cloud computing devices. Similarly, for storing multimedia data, different compression/decompression methods are required in IoMT are some modified versions of RPL protocol for IoMT. In this chapter, we give a comprehensive review on routing protocols and quality of service in IoMT.

The remainder of the chapter is organized as follows: In section .

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) performs a crucial role in assisting IoMT in diverse application spectrum. The energy constraint of nodes in WSN somehow restricts it to fulfill the expectations of IoMT applications. The efficient routing protocols save the energy of WSN nodes and thus, allow to carry off a massive amount of IoMT data. Recently, cluster-based routing has attracted due to less communication overhead and reduced routing energy consumption. The cluster members of a cluster can save their routing energy expense because of the routing assistance of the cluster head. But, since everything has its pros and cons, cluster-based protocol has its disadvantage.

In case of battery discharge or malfunctioning of the CH, all the cluster members would fail to transmit their collected data to the destination, which would defeat the smooth functioning of the IoMT application. Thus, the fault-tolerant approaches are in use in cooperation with cluster-based routing protocol for IoMT applications. Here, we illustrate the working principle of a fault-tolerant-based routing protocol used for IoMT.

The fault-tolerant routing protocol uses cluster-based scenario for the processing of IoMT application data. It uses the cluster join method for handling faulty cluster heads (CHs). Whenever a fault is detected in a CH, its cluster members are the first ones to catch it as they fail to receive an acknowledgment from their CH upon receiving transmitted data. So, they broadcast a help message to their neighboring CHs for re-selecting their CH. Out of all the respondents of the help message, the closest one is selected as the best backup CH. But, even this method has some leftover loopholes described as follows:

The possible solutions to the above problems are:

In view of these solutions to overcome the issues, a fault-tolerant routing protocol is illustrated in . The protocol performs the following operations:

The virtual CH and FBG construction methods used in this routing protocol are explained below:

Virtual CH

The steps involved for creating of a virtual CH and virtual super frame are: