Rolf G. Kuehni - Color space and its divisions: color order from antiquity to the present

Color Space and

Its Divisions

Color Order from

Antiquity to the Present

Rolf G. Kuehni

A John Wiley & Sons Publication

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kuehni, Rolf G.

Color space and its divisions : color order from antiquity to the present Rolf G. Kuehni.<p>

p.

cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-471-32670-4 (cloth : acid-free paper)

1. Color vision.

2. Colors.

I. Title.

QP483 .K84 2003

152.145dc21

2002014045

Printed in the United States of America

To the memory of Dorothy Nickerson and David L. MacAdam, and toAndreas Brockes for their encouragement to continue the pursuit of colororder and color difference

All that is alive tends toward color, individuality, specificity, effectiveness,and opacity; all that is done with life inclines toward knowledge, abstraction,generality, transfiguration, and transparency.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Contents

Chapter 1. The Concept of Color Space and Color Solid

1.1

Introduction 1<p>

1.2

Divisions of Color Spaces and Solids 6<p>

1.3

Uniform and Regular Color Spaces 8<p>

1.4

Color Space, Sensation, Perception, and Awareness 15<p>

1.5

Plan of the Book 16<p>

Chapter 2. Historical Development of Color Order Systems

2.1

Color and Color Order Systems 19<p>

2.2

From Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages 21<p>

2.3

Color Order in the Renaissance 32<p>

2.4

Newtons Color Diagram 43<p>

2.5

Development of the Color Circle 46<p>

2.6

Mayer and Lamberts Color Solids 51<p>

2.7

Color Circles from Harris to Henry 55<p>

2.8

Three Primary Color Theories 59<p>

2.9

Runges Color Sphere 59<p>

2.10

The Cylindrical System of Matthias Klotz 63<p>

2.11

The Early Development of Psychophysics 63<p>

2.12

Chevreuls Hemispheric System 66<p>

2.13

Dopplers Sphere Octant 69<p>

2.14

Yellow, Red and Blue, For a Time Firmly Established as Primary Colors 69<p>

vii

viii

CONTENTS

2.15

Helmholtz, Grassmann, and Maxwell 72<p>

2.16

Hering 75<p>

2.17

Geometrical Systems of the Nineteenth Century 78<p>

2.18

The Nineteenth-Century Experimental Psychologists 82<p>

2.19

The Munsell System 84<p>

2.20

Ridgeways Color Atlas 86<p>

2.21

Ostwalds Farbkrper (Color Solid) 89<p>

2.22

Geometrical Systems of the Twentieth Century 90<p>

2.23

Rsch-MacAdam Color Solid 91<p>

2.24

The Luther-Nyberg Color Solid 93<p>

2.25

The German DIN6164 System 93<p>

2.26

Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales 95<p>

2.27

Swedish Natural Color System 96<p>

2.28

Universal Color Language 98<p>

2.29

Color Mixing Spaces 100<p>

2.30

Spectral Spaces 101<p>

Chapter 3. Psychophysics

3.1

Fundaments of Psychophysics 105<p>

3.2

Categories 108<p>

3.3

Differences versus Magnitudes 109<p>

3.4

Psychophysical Scaling: Levels of Measurement 113<p>

3.5

Scaling Methods 116<p>

3.6

Unidimensional Scaling Methods 117<p>

3.7

Psychometric Function 119<p>

3.8

Multidimensional Scaling 119<p>

3.9

Psychological and Psychophysical Spaces 121<p>

3.10

Psychophysical Scaling as a Basis of Color Space 122<p>

Chapter 4. Color Attributes and Perceptual Attribute Scaling

4.1

Theories of Vision 123<p>

4.2

Historical Development of Views on Attributes 124<p>

4.3

Whiteness and Blackness 129<p>

4.4

Evanss Five Color Attributes 131<p>

4.5

Common Color Attribute Definitions 132<p>

4.6

Confirmation of Three Attributes 134<p>

4.7

Contrast versus Similitude 137<p>

4.8

Neural Correlates of Color Attributes 137<p>

4.9

Psychological (Perceptual) Scaling of Color Attributes 138<p>

4.10

Perception of Color Differences 154<p>

CONTENTS

ix

Chapter 5. Psychophysical Scaling of Color Attributes:Stimulus and Perception

5.1

Requirements for a Uniform Psychophysical Color Space 157<p>

5.2

Postulated Relationship between Psychological and Physical Magnitudes 158<p>

5.3

Photometry and Brightness/Lightness 159<p>

5.4

The Colorimetric System 161<p>

5.5

Cone Response Space 164<p>

5.6

Opponent Color Space 169<p>

5.7

How Are the L, M, S and X, Y, Z Color Spaces Related?