Dorling Kindersley - Super Simple Physics: The Ultimate Bitesize Study Guide

DK LONDON Senior editor Ben Morgan Senior art editor Michelle Staples Editors Edward A ves, Steven Carton, Alexandr a Di F al co US editor Kayla Dugger US executiv e editor Lori Cates Hand Illustrat ors Adam Brack enbury , G us Scott Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Production editor Gillian Reid Senior production c ontrol ler Meskerem Berhane Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jackets design dev elopment manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Art director Karen Self Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Authors Leo Ball, Ben Davi es, Hilary Lamb, Penny Jo hnson, Ben Morgan, Robert S nedden, Giles Sparr ow, S teve W oolle y Consultant Penny Johnson Smithsonian consultant Rutuparna Das, Astr ophysicist, NASA s Universe of Learning/ Chandra X -R ay Observatory , C enter for Astrophy sics/Harvard & Smithsonian DK DELHI Senior editor Virien Chopra Senior art editor Vikas Chauhan Project editor Bipasha Roy Project art editor Sanjay Chauhan Art editor Sifat F atima Assistant editors Sukriti Kapoor , Manjari Thaku r Assistant art editor Bhavnoor Kaur Illustrat or Aparajita Sen Assistant picture r esearc her Geetika Bhandari Picture re search manager Tai yaba Khatoon Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing art editor Govind Mittal Senior DTP designer Vishal Bhatia DTP designer Syed Mohammad F arh an Pre-prod uction manager Balwant Singh Production manager Pankaj Sharma First American Edition, 2021 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway , S uite 801, New Yor k, NY 10018 Copyright 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Pe nguin Random House LLC 21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001-314297-Fe b/2021 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright r eserved above, no part of this public ation may be repr oduced, store d in or introduc ed into a re trieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form, or by an y means (electron ic, mechanic al, ph otocopying, record ing, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner . Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kinder sley Limited A catalog re cord for this book is available fro m the Librar y of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7440-2753-2 DK books are available at special discounts when pur chased in bulk for sales promotions, prem iums, fund-r aising, or educa tional use. For details, c ontact: DK Publishing Special Marke ts, 1450 Broadway , S uite 801, New Yor k, NY 10018 SpecialSales@dk.com Printed and bound in China www.dk.com This book was made with Fo rest Steward ship Council certied paperone small step in DKs commitment to a sustainable futur e. For more information go to www. dk.com/our-gr een-pledge Established in 1846, the Smithsonian is the worlds lar gest museum and resear ch comple x, dedica ted to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history . It includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoologic al Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonians collection is estimated at 156 million.

THE UL TI MA TE BITE-SIZE ST UDY G UIDE SMITHSONIAN

Contents Worki ng scientically The scientic method Scientic progress Science and society Risks and benets Scientic models Workin g safely Planning an experiment Measuring Signicant gures Presenting data Patter ns in data Conclusions Accuracy and precision Evaluations Using mathematical models SI units Energy Energy Energy and food Energy stores Energy transfers Renewable energy resources Nonrenewable energy Climate change Tren ds in energy use Eciency Heat transfers Radiation Investigating radiation Conduction Investigating insulators Convection Reducing energy transfers Kinetic and potential energy Conservation of energy Tran sferring energy by forces Energy and power Calculating energy eciency Safety and tea cher supervision The expe riments outlined in this b ook desc ribe the experimen ts re quired for the experimen ts se t in the UK Physic s GCS E curriculum. In unde rtakin g these e xperiments, you mus t foll ow the instruct ions on each pa ge, as well as the general i nstructions on W orking safely on pag e 17 . Some of the exp eriments require the add itional super visi on of a p hysics t eacher, and they should t herefore o nly be undert aken a t school under such supe rvisi on. The expe riments requiring teacher superv ision are marked with this sym bol: DISCLA IMER: The publisher cannot accept a ny liability for any inj ury or loss es arising fr om expe riments w here such instru ctions were not fol lowed and/ or that were undert aken wi thout appro priate supe rvis ion. Tea cher su perv ision r equire d !

Descri bing motion Speed Calculating speed Measuring speed Positio ntime graphs Scalars and vectors Vel ocity Acceleration Vel ocitytime graphs Force s For ces Balanced and unbalanced forces Resultant forces Resolving forces Mass and weight Springs Investigating springs Deformations Moments Center of mass Levers Gears More simple machines Actionreaction forces Fields Law of gravity Force and motion Circular motion Newtons second law Investigating acceleration Momentum Elastic and inelastic collisions Changing momentum Stopping distance Car safety features Braking distance and energy Ter minal velocity Waves Waves Sound Oscilloscopes Wave equ ations Hearing sound I nvestigating the speed of waves M easuring the speed of sound Using ultrasound Sonar Investigating Earths interior Interference

Light L ight and seeing C omparing sound and light P inhole cameras R eection R efraction I nvestigating light T otal internal reection L enses W aves and refraction R efractive index C onverging and diverging lenses C orrecting vision C onverging lens ray diagram M agnifying glass ray diagram D iverging lens ray diagram L ight and color R eecting and absorbing E lectromagnetic radiation R adio waves H azardous radiation Electr ical cir cuits C urrent electricity E lectrical circuits S eries and parallel circuits M easuring electricity S eries and parallel circuit rules C harge C hanging resistance I nvestigating resistance in wires R esistance in wires I nvestigating resistors in series and parallel C urrent and voltage calculations C urrent and voltage graphs P ower in circuits C alculating energy L ight-dependent resistors T hermistors S ensor circuits Using electri city D irect and alternating current E lectrical wiring F uses and circuit breakers P reventing shocks E lectrical appliances E nergy use at home W asted energy P ower transmission

S tatic electr icity A ttracting and repelling A ttraction by induction U sing static electricity D angers of static electricity E lectric elds Magnetism and electro magnetism M agnets M agnetic elds E arths magnetic eld E lectromagnets U sing electromagnets T he motor eect E lectric motors E lectromagnetic induction G enerators L oudspeakers and microphones T ransformers Matter S tates of matter C hanges of state P art icles in motion H eat expansion D ensity F inding the density I nternal energy S pecic heat capacity F inding specic heat capacity H eating curves T emperature and changes of state L atent heat calculations Press ure S urface pressure A tmospheric pressure P ressure in a liquid F loating and sinking B arometers and manometers P ressure in gases P ressure and volume P ressure and temperature W ork and temperature