Brian P. Griffin MD FACC - Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine

Manual of

CARDIOVASCULAR
MEDICINE

FOURTH EDITION

Section Editors

Leslie Cho, MD, FACC

Section Head

Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation

Director, Womens Cardiovascular Center

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Esther S.H. Kim, MD, MPH

Staff Physician

Sections of Vascular Medicine and Preventive Cardiology

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Richard A. Krasuski, MD

Director

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Services

Cardiovascular Medicine

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

W.H. Wilson Tang, MD, FACC, FAHA

Staff Cardiologist

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine,

Heart and Vascular Institute

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

FOURTH EDITION

EDITOR

Brian P. Griffin, MD, FACC

The John and Rosemary Brown Endowed Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine

Director, Cardiovascular Medicine Fellowship Program

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Associate Editors

Thomas D. Callahan, IV, MD, FACC, FHRS

Associate Director, Cardiology Fellowship

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Venugopal Menon, MD

Director, Coronary Care Unit

Cardiovascular Medicine

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Guest Editors

Willis M. Wu, MD

Chief Fellow

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Clay A. Cauthen, MD

Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Heart and Vascular Institute

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Justin M. Dunn, MD, MPH

Chief Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland, Ohio

Acquisitions Editor: Julie Goolsby

Product Manager: Leanne Vandetty

Vendor Manager: Alicia Jackson

Senior Manufacturing Manager: Benjamin Rivera

Marketing Manager: Kimberly Schonberger

Creative Director: Doug Smock

Production Service: Integra Software Services

2013 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business

Two Commerce Square

2001 Market Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA

LWW.com

Third Edition 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Business

Second Edition 2004 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

First Edition 2000 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright.

Printed in Peoples Republic of China

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Manual of cardiovascular medicine/editor, Brian P. Griffin; associate editors, Thomas D. Callahan, Venugopal Menon; guest editors, Willis M. Wu, Clay A. Cauthen, Justin M. Dunn. -- 4th ed.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4511-3160-4 -- ISBN 1-4511-3160-7

I. Griffin, Brian P., 1956

[DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases--diagnosis. 2. Cardiac Surgical Procedures--methods. 3. Heart Diseases--therapy.

WG 141]

616.12--dc23

2012007462

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of the information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner.

The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.

Some drugs and medical devices presented in the publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.

To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300.

Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6 pm, EST.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To our families and to the fellows and staff of
the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cleveland Clinic

BG, VM, TC, WW, CC, JD

Unless otherwise noted, the following contributors are affiliated with the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.

JoEllyn M. Abraham, MD

Cardiology Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Kia Afshar, MD

Fellow

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Shikhar Agarwal, MD, MPH, CPH

Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Imran N. Ahmad, MD

Interventional Cardiology Fellow

Department of Interventional Cardiology

Heart and Vascular Institute

Salim H. Ahmed, MD

Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Olcay Aksoy, MD

Interventional Cardiology Fellow

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Saif Anwaruddin, MD

Fellow in Interventional Cardiology

Bryan J. Baranowski, MD

Staff

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Section of Cardiac Pacing and

Electrophysiology

Mosi K. Bennett, MD, PhD

Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Michael P. Brunner, MD

Fellow in Cardiovascular Medicine

Cardiovascular Medicine

Matthew C. Bunte, MD

Fellow in Cardiovascular Medicine

Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Thomas D. Callahan, IV, MD, FACC, FHRS

Associate Director, Cardiology Fellowship

Clay A. Cauthen, MD

Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Heart and Vascular Institute

Joo L. Cavalcante, MD

Chief, Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine

Matthew A. Cavender, MD

Fellow

Heart and Vascular Institute

Leslie Cho, MD, FACC

Section Head, Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation

Director, Womens Cardiovascular Center

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Heart and Vascular Institute

Edmond M. Cronin, MB, MRCPI

Electrophysiology Fellow

Section of Electrophysiology and Pacing

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Arun Dahiya, MD

Cardiac Imaging

Department of Cardiac Imaging

Milind Desai, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC

Associate Professor of Medicine,

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine

Heart and Vascular Institute

Sandeep Duggal, DO

Physician, Cardiovascular Disease

Justin M. Dunn, MD, MPH

Chief Fellow

Cardiovascular Medicine