Paul M. Salmon - Distributed Situation Awareness

DISTRIBUTED SITUATION AWARENESS

For Kerri, Holli and Lachlan

Theory, Measurement and Application to Teamwork

PAUL M. SALMON
Monash University, Australia

NEVILLE A. STANTON
University of Southampton, UK

GUY H. WALKER
Heriot-Watt University, UK

&

DANIEL P. JENKINS
Sociotechnic Solutions Ltd, UK

ASHGATE

Paul M. Salmon, Neville A. Stanton, Guy H. Walker and Daniel P. Jenkins 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

Paul M. Salmon, Neville A. Stanton, Guy H. Walker and Daniel P. Jenkins has asserted their moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Digitising command and control : a human factors and ergonomics analysis of Mission Planning and Battlespace management. -- (Human factors in defence)

1. Command and control systems--Planning. 2. Human-machine systems--Design.

I. Series II. Stanton, Neville, 1960

355.33041011-dc22

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Digitising command and control : a human factors and ergonomics analysis of mission planning and battlespace management / by Neville A. Stanton [et al.].

p. cm. -- (Human factors in defence)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-7546-7759-8 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-9502-8 (ebook)

1. Electronics in military engineering. 2. Command and control systems. 3. Digital communications. 4. Human engineering. 5. Military planning. I. Stanton, Neville, 1960

UG485.D53 2009

355.33041--dc22

2009011260

ISBN: 978-0-7546-7058-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-7546-9682-7 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-4094-8612-1 (ebk-ePUB)

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, UK

The Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre is a consortium of defence companies and Universities working in cooperation on a series of defence related projects. The consortium is led by Aerosystems International and comprises Birmingham University, Brunel University, Cranfield University, Lockheed Martin, MBDA, and SEA. The consortium was recently awarded The Ergonomics Society Presidents Medal for work that has made a significant contribution to original research, the development of methodology, and application of knowledge within the field of ergonomics.

We are grateful to DSTL who have managed the work of the consortium, in particular to Geoff Barrett, Bruce Callander, Jen Clemitson, Colin Corbridge, Roland Edwards, Alan Ellis, Jim Squire, Alison Rogers and Debbie Webb.

This work from the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre was part-funded by the Human Sciences Domain of the UK Ministry of Defence Scientific Research Programme. Further information on the work and people that comprise the HFI DTC can be found on www.hfidtc.com.

We would like to thank to the various participants who were involved in the case studies described. Special thanks go to all of the staff at the energy distribution company involved in the study described in .

Special thanks go also to the various analysts who have been involved at some point in collecting the data used during this research. Whilst the end analysis was undertaken by the authors, a huge effort was involved in collecting the data used. Many thanks go to Laura Rafferty, Darshna Ladva, Kirsten Revell, Dr Chris Baber, Dr Robert Houghton and Richard McMaster for all their help in this respect.

Many thanks go also to a number of subject matter experts who have gone over and above the call of duty to review and refine analyses, discuss ideas and provide invaluable domain knowledge, opinions and viewpoints. Special mention goes to Major Mike Forster for his input into the digitised mission support system analyses described in .

Dr Paul M. Salmon

Human Factors Group, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Building 70, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia paul.salmon@muarc.monash.edu.au

Paul Salmon is a Senior Research Fellow within the Human Factors Group at the Monash University Accident Research Centre and holds a BSc in Sports Science, an MSc in Applied Ergonomics and a PhD in Human Factors. Paul has over seven years experience in applied human factors research in a number of domains, including the military, aviation, and rail and road transport and has worked on a variety of research projects in these areas. This has led to Paul gaining expertise in a broad range of areas, including situation awareness, human error and the application of human factors methods, including human error identification, situation awareness measurement, teamwork assessment, task analysis and cognitive task analysis methods. His current research interests include the areas of situation awareness, human error and the application of human factors methods in sport. He has authored and co-authored various scientific journal articles, conference articles, book chapters and books and was recently awarded the 2006 Royal Aeronautical Society Hodgson Prize for a co-authored paper in the societys Aeronautical Journal. Paul and his colleagues from the HFI DTC consortium were also awarded the Ergonomics Societys Presidents Medal in 2008.

Professor Neville A. Stanton

Transportation Research Group, University of Southampton

School of Civil Engineering and the Environment

Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ

neville.stanton@soton.ac.uk

Professor Neville A. Stanton holds a Chair in Human Factors in the School of Civil Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed journal papers and 14 books on Human Factors and Ergonomics. In 1998 he was awarded the Institution of Electrical Engineers Divisional Premium Award for a co-authored paper on Engineering Psychology and System Safety. The Ergonomics Society awarded him the Otto Edholm medal in 2001 and The Presidents Medal in 2008 for his contribution to basic and applied ergonomics research. In 2007 The Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him the Hodgson Medal and Bronze Award with colleagues for their work on flight deck safety. Professor Stanton is an editor of the journal Ergonomics and on the editorial boards of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science and the International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. He is a Fellow and Chartered Occupational Psychologist registered with the British Psychological Society, and a Fellow of the Ergonomics Society. Professor Stanton has a BSc (Hons) in Occupational Psychology from the University of Hull, an MPhil in Applied Psychology and a PhD in Human Factors from Aston University in Birmingham.