José L. Martinez - Ethnobotany: Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds

Editors

Jos L. Martinez

Vicerrectory of Research, Development and Innovation Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Santiago, Chile

Alfred Maroyi

Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare Alice, South Africa

Marcelo L. Wagner

Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqumica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina

Cover credit:

Cover photograph reproduced by permission of Ignacio J. Agudelo, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

First edition published 2023

by CRC Press

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and by CRC Press

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2023 Jos L. Martinez, Alfred Maroyi and Marcelo L. Wagner

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (applied for)

ISBN: 978-1-032-34814-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-34815-5 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-32396-9 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003323969

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Radiant Productions

The development of natural products as pharmaceutical drugs and health products has been established on the basis of therapeutic properties of traditional medicines. Traditional medicines represent an important source of multi target therapeutics involving bioactive compounds contained in plant extracts. These bioactive compounds are responsible for biological activities associated with plant species used as traditional medicines. The multiple bioactive compounds usually have additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects. Currently, the screening of natural products such as medicinal plants has become an effective method for rapid selection of bioactive compounds with effective biological activities. Therefore, phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is considered an effective approach in the discovery of novel bioactive compounds with potential as drug leads and development process. Plant extracts used in indigenous pharmacopoeia of many cultures for treating several human and animal diseases represent a source of bioactive compounds required in the pharmaceutical drug discovery process.

The therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants still continue to be the subject of many researches throughout the world. Hence, in this book, an ethnobotanical review based on ethnopharmacology as an effective approach in the discovery of novel bioactive compounds is presented. The chapters are written by specialists from different countries with deals with the molecular basis of the bioactive compound flavonoid from the perspective of modern phytochemistry. This book, therefore, is an important addition to the pharmaceutical literature as a single reference covering these essential aspects of ethnobotany focusing on the ethnopharmacological approach and the importance of bioactive compounds as potential pharmaceutical drug leads

Jos L. Martinez, Chile

Alfred Maroyi, South Africa

Marcelo L. Wagner, Argentina

Amner Muoz-Acevedo, Cindy P. Guzmn, Nubellys M. Peralta, Mara C. Gonzlez and Martha Cervantes-Daz

Jos L. Martinez, Onder Yumrutas, Maite Rodriguez, Miguel Rios, Rao Zahid Abbas, Luisauris Jaimes and Ali Parlar

Filipe Kayod Felisberto dos Santos, Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos Silva, Arquimedes Lopes Nunes Filho and Valdir Florncio da Veiga Jnior

Anuar Salazar-Gmez, Candy Carranza-lvarez, Fabiola Domnguez and Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro

Zilda Cristiani Gazim, Evellyn Claudia Wietzikoski Lovato, Brbara de Souza Arcanjo, Maria Graciela Iecher Faria Nunes, Suelen Pereira Ruiz Herrig, Ana Daniela Lopes, Carla Maria Mariano Fernandez, Giani Andrea Linde Colauto, Nelson Barros Colauto and Juliana Silveira do Valle

Felix Krengel, Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa, Karla Paola Garca-Cruz, Olga Lucia Sanabria-Diago, Willian Castillo-Ordoez and Laura Corts-Zrraga

Mara-Elena Cazar, Chabaco Armijos and Omar Malagn Avils

Alfred Maroyi, Ruvimbo Jessy Mapaya, Ahmad Cheikhyoussef and Natascha Cheikhyoussef

Onder Yumrutas, Jos L. Martinez, Ali Parlar, Bernardo Morales, Pinar Yumrutas and Luisauris Jaimes

Cecilia B. Dobrecky, Marcelo L. Wagner, Pablo A. Evelson and Silvia E. Lucangioli

Amner Muoz-Acevedo,

Departamento de Qumica y Biologa, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.

Grupo Investigaciones Ambientales para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultad de Qumica Ambiental, Universidad Santo Toms, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

The Farm Management and Production Economics Service of the FAO Department of Agriculture is raising awareness of the role of wild/medicinal plants in many developing countries in which the population bases its economy on agroforestry practices/systems (combining agriculture and livestock, e.g., agrosilvipastoralism). In those cases where the rural population of these countries depends to some extent on livestock (it is considered as a source for social security and food) for their livelihood, ca. 3035% of losses occur in the animal husbandry sectors due to lack of good sanitary/hygienic (diseases) and food/nutritional practices, as well as environmental conditions (food shortage and lack of water resources) ().

Some of those wild plants from agropastoral farm households, in addition to being used as medicine and food for humans, are also used as forage/fodder (growth promoters) and medicine for animals (ethnoveterinary); and from the applications mentioned above, these have helped partly to solve the problem, reaching an importance during the last decade, due to the discovery of some effective products that are a cheaper, easier, and more sustainable alternative to synthetic drugs ().

Consequently, the use of the resources and the biodiversity of the countries has made it possible to find some plants that, based on their chemical compositions, could be used as available/suitable sources of food (for man/animals) providing the basic nutritional requirements, as well as being useful to alleviate/protect/prevent ailments/ diseases; these plants could act as growth and health promoters ().