Angie Smibert - All about Coding

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CODING

CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY

by Angie Smibert

ALL ABOUT

CODING

by Angie Smibert

FOCUS

READERS

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Angie Smibert is the author of several young adult science fiction novels, including the

Memento Nora series, numerous short stories, and many educational titles. She was also a

writer and web developer at NASAs Kennedy Space Center for many years.

www.northstareditions.com

Copyright 2017 by North Star Editions, Lake Elmo, MN 55042. All rights reserved. No

part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without written

permission from the publisher.

Produced for North Star Editions by Red Line Editorial.

Photographs : Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock Images, cover, 1, 1415, 23; OlegDoroshin/

Shutterstock Images, 45; Fine Art Images Heritage Images/Newscom, 7; Everett

Historical/Shutterstock Images, 9; Johan Swanepoel/Shutterstock Images, 1011; Red

Line Editorial, 13; michaeljung/Shutterstock Images, 17; Scratch: Scratch is developed by

the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. See http://scratch.mit.edu., 1819;

eakkaluktemwanich/Shutterstock Images, 2021; Jason Ogulnik/picture-alliance/dpa/AP

Images, 2425; Tony Avelar/AP Images, 27; Shizuo Kambayashi/AP Images, 29

Content Consultant: Jeffrey Miller, Associate Professor of Engineering Practice, Department

of Computer Science, University of Southern California

ISBN

978-1-63517-011-5 (hardcover)

978-1-63517-067-2 (paperback)

978-1-63517-172-3 (ebook pdf)

978-1-63517-122-8 (hosted ebook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949760

Printed in the United States of America

Mankato, MN

November, 2016

978-1-68444-290-4 (e-book)

Synched Read-Along Version by:

Triangle Interactive LLC

PO Box 573

Prior Lake, MN 55372

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

Your First Code

CHAPTER 2

How Coding Works

CHAPTER 3

Thinking Like a Coder

HOW IT WORKS

Programming an Event

CHAPTER 4

Avoiding Dangerous Code

CHAPTER 5

The Future of Code

CHAPTER

YOUR FIRST CODE

All video games have code that makes them work.

T

he bell rings, and you rush to coding

club. Youre excited to continue

working on your video game. In the game,

a queen has to find her way through

a maze. On one side of your screen,

you see the maze and the character you

made. On the other side is a white space.

In the middle are colored blocks with

commands on them. These blocks will

make the queen move. You drag a block

to the white space. The command on the

block says

WHEN RUN . You drop more blocks

underneath it. They say

MOVE FORWARD , TURN

RIGHT , and MOVE FORWARD . When you click

the run button, your hero moves forward,

turns right, and moves forward again.

Your code is working!

Visual coding languages are easy

and fun ways to learn coding. A code, or

program, is simply a set of instructions

telling the computer what to do. Coding is

the act of writing those instructions.

Coding has been around longer than

computers themselves. Ada Lovelace

wrote the first code in 1843 for a

computer that existed only on paper.

She showed how the computer could be

programmed to do complex calculations.

Early computers were so big that they took up

entire rooms.

The first computers were not built

until the 1930s. A computer called

Colossus was designed during World

War II (19391945). But Colossus did not

have a written code to tell it what to do.

Instead, its programmers had to set the

computers plugs and switches in a new

position every time the computer ran.

Programmers soon realized

they needed an easier way to give

computers instructions. One of the first

programming languages, FORTRAN, was

invented in the 1950s. Other languages

soon followed.

Since then, both computers and

code have evolved. Now computers are

everywhere. They sit on our desks and

laps. We carry them in our pockets. Some

people even have computers in their

bodies to help with health problems. All

of these devices run on code.

Alan Turing was a coding pioneer whose work contributed

to Colossus.

HOW CODING WORKS

CHAPTER

A computers native language, or machine code, is

made up entirely of numbers.

C

omputers need specific instructions

to do anything. A program is a set of

instructions a computer follows. Coders

use a variety of programming languages.

These include Scratch, JavaScript, C,

Ruby, and many more.

But computers dont understand

programming languages without help.

The code needs to be translated

into the computers native language,

called machine code. The most basic

instructions are called binary . It is

a language made up of zeroes and

ones. Each digit tells a tiny switch in

the computer to be off or on. To tell

TRANSLATORS

Programming languages differ in how they are

translated into machine code. An interpreter

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