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Robert G. Underwood - Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras

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Robert G. Underwood Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras

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This text aims to provide graduate students with a self-contained introduction to topics that are at the forefront of modern algebra, namely, coalgebras, bialgebras and Hopf algebras. The last chapter (Chapter 4) discusses several applications of Hopf algebras, some of which are further developed in the authors 2011 publication, An Introduction to Hopf Algebras. The book may be used as the main text or as a supplementary text for a graduate algebra course. Prerequisites for this text include standard material on groups, rings, modules, algebraic extension fields, finite fields and linearly recursive sequences.

The book consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces algebras and coalgebras over a field K; Chapter 2 treats bialgebras; Chapter 3 discusses Hopf algebras and Chapter 4 consists of three applications of Hopf algebras. Each chapter begins with a short overview and ends with a collection of exercises which are designed to review and reinforce the material. Exercises range from straightforward applications of the theory to problems that are devised to challenge the reader. Questions for further study are provided after selected exercises. Most proofs are given in detail, though a few proofs are omitted since they are beyond the scope of this book.

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Robert G. Underwood Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras Universitext 10.1007/978-3-319-18991-8_1
1. Algebras and Coalgebras
Robert G. Underwood 1
(1)
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, USA
In this chapter we introduce algebras and coalgebras. We begin by generalizing the construction of the tensor product to define the tensor product of a finite collection of R -modules, where R is a commutative ring with unity. We specialize to tensor products over a field K and give the diagram-theoretic definition of a K -algebra ( A , m A , A ). We then define coalgebras Picture 1 as co-objects to algebras formed by reversing the arrows in the diagrams for algebras.
We next consider the linear dual. We show that if Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 2 is a coalgebra, then Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 3 is an algebra where the maps Picture 4 and Picture 5 are induced from the transposes of Picture 6 and C , respectively. The converse of this statement is not true, however: if A is an algebra, then it is not always true that A is a coalgebra with structure maps induced from the transposes of the maps for A . The trick is to replace A with a certain subspace A called the finite dual (in fact, A is the largest subspace of A for which m A ( A ) A A ). Now, if A is an algebra, then A is a coalgebra. As an application we show that the finite dual K [ x ] can be identified with the collection of linearly recursive sequences of all orders over K .
1.1 Multilinear Maps and Tensor Products
In this section we extend the construction of the tensor product M R N of R -modules. We generalize R -bilinear maps to R - n -linear maps to define the tensor product of a set of R -modules Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 7 as the solution to a universal mapping problem. We show that tensor products can be identified with iterated tensor products in some association.
* * *
Let n 2 be an integer, let Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 8 be a collection of R -modules, and let A be an R -module.
Definition 1.1.1.
A function f : M 1 M 2 M n A is R-n-linear if for all i , 1 i n , and all a i , a i M i , r R ,
(i)
ii For instance an R -bilinear map is an R -2-linear map - photo 9 ,
(ii)
Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 10 .
For instance, an R -bilinear map is an R -2-linear map.
Definition 1.1.2.
A tensor product of Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 11 over R is an R -module M 1 M 2 M n together with an R - n -linear map
so that for every R -module A and R - n -linear map h M 1 M 2 M n A there - photo 12
so that for every R -module A and R - n -linear map h : M 1 M 2 M n A there exists a unique R -module map for which that is the following diagram commutes We construct a tensor - photo 13 for which Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 14 , that is, the following diagram commutes.
Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 15
We construct a tensor product as follows. Let Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 16 denote the free R -module on the set M 1 M 2 M n . Let J be the submodule of Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 17 generated by quantities of the form
for all i 1 i n and all a i a i M i r R Let be the natural inclusion - photo 18
for all i 1 i n and all a i a i M i r R Let be the natural inclusion - photo 19
for all i , 1 i n , and all a i , a i M i , r R . Let
be the natural inclusion map and let be the canonical surjection Let f s - photo 20
be the natural inclusion map and let
be the canonical surjection Let f s Then the quotient space together with - photo 21
be the canonical surjection. Let f = s . Then the quotient space together with the map f which is clearly R - n -linear is a tensor product - photo 22 together with the map f (which is clearly R - n -linear) is a tensor product; it solves the universal mapping problem described in Definition .
Proposition 1.1.3.
Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 23 together with the map f is a tensor product of Fundamentals of Hopf Algebras - image 24 over R.
Proof.
We show that the conditions of Definition are satisfied. Let A be an R -module and let h : M 1 M 2 M n A be an R - n -linear map. There exists an R -module homomorphism
defined as Since is R - n -linear J ker and so by the universal mapping - photo 25
defined as Since is R - n -linear J ker and so by the universal mapping property - photo 26 . Since is R - n -linear, J ker(), and so, by the universal mapping property for kernels, there exists an R -module homomorphism
defined as Now for all and so - photo 27
defined as Now for all and so Moreover - photo 28 . Now for all and so Moreover is unique because - photo 29 , and so Moreover is unique because i - photo 30 , and so, Moreover is unique because is a set of generators for - photo 31
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